(1) 1. UBALDO (?-1157)

Birth. (No date or place found). His name is also listed as Hubaud.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina in the consistory of December 1155. Subscribed papal bulls issued between October 15, 1156 and June 3, 1157.

Death. Shortly after June 3, 1157, (no place found). Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Brixius, Johannes Matthias. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181. Berlin : R. Trenkel, 1912, p. 58, no. 7; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1928, p. 142.

(2) 2. PIZZUTI, Can. Reg. of Saint-Victor of Paris, Giovanni (?-ca. 1182)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon of S. Maria Nuova in the consistory of December 1155. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria in Portico Octaviae. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Anastasia in March 1158. Subscribed papal bulls issued between April 16, 1158 and July 30, 1159; October 15, 1159 and July 27, 1179. Participated in the papal election of 1159, in which Pope Alexander III was elected. Participated in the papal election of 1181, in which Pope Lucius III was elected.

Death. Ca. 1182, (no place found). Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 82-85; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, I, col. 1063-1064; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1928, p. 140-141.

(3) 3. GIOVANNI (?-ca. 1180)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of December 1155; his deaconry is not known. Did not participate in the papal election of 1159, in which Pope Alexander III was elected. He tried to persuade Pope Alexander III to replace King Majo of Sicily with Ammirato Tiranno; the pope did not follow the advice of the cardinal, and maintained good relations with King Majo; the king, nearing death, sent the pope, through Cardinal Giovanni, forty thousand sterling lire; the cardinal was sent as legate to Sicily, before the new King Guglielmo; the mission of the legate was to induce the king to send the new bishops-elect to Rome to received their episcopal consecration; in his legation, Cardinal Giovanni was noted for his avarice (1).

Death. Ca. 1180, Rome. Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 84-85; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, I, col. 1064; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1928, p. 141.

(1) According to Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, I, pt. 2, 85, the cardinal, acting against the expressed will of the pope, and by sordida avidita di denaro (sordid avarice of money) annulled the marriage of Count Riccardo and gave him the faculty of marrying again; at the same time, the cardinal prohibited the count's wife, che non aveva né oro, né argento (who had no gold or silver), from remarrying.

(4) 4. BREAKSPEAR, O.S.B., Boso (?-1181)

Birth. (No date found), England. Nephew of Pope Adrian IV (1). He is also listed as Boso only; his first name as Boson and as Bozun; and his last name as Breakspeare.

Education. Entered the Order of Saint Benedict (Benedictines) at the abbey of St. Alban (2). He obtained a doctorate before March 1166.

Priesthood. Ordained (no further information found). Papal scriptor in the pontificate of Pope Eugenius III, from November 6, 1149 until May 3, 1153.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano in the consistory of December 1155. Subscribed papal bulls issued between January 4, 1157 and June 28, 1159; October 15, 1159 and July 21, 1165. Named camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church in December 1158. Prefect and guardian of Castello Sant'Angelo, Rome, in the pontificate of Pope Adrian IV. Participated in the papal election of 1159, in which Pope Alexander III was elected. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Pudenziana at the end of 1165. Subscribed papal bulls issued between March 18, 1166 and July 10, 1178. Legate in Toscany and Portugal. Participated in the papal election of 1181, in which Pope Lucius III was elected. He wrote theological treatises; the lives of several 11th and 12th century popes, including the ones of Popes Adrian IV and Alexander III; metrical "Lives of the Saints", in verse; and continued the Liber Pontificales (biographies of the popes) from the death of Pope Stephen V in 817. Some of his writings are kept in the British Museum.

Death. In the autumn of 1181 (3), Rome. Buried in Rome.

Bibliography. Baxter, Dudley. England's cardinals. With an appendix showing the reception of the sacred pallium by the archbishops of Canterbury and Westminster. London : Burns & Oates ; New York : Benzinger, 1903, p. 10-11; Bellenger, Dominc Aidan and Stella Fletcher. Princes of the church. A history of the English cardinals. Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire : Sutton Publishing Ltd., 2001, pp. 5, 7, and 8; Brixius, Johannes Matthias. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181. Berlin : R. Trenkel, 1912, p. 58, no. 4; Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 85-86; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, I, col. 1064-1065; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1928, p. 141; Heseltine, George Coulehan. The English cardinals. With some account of those of other English-speaking countries. London : Burns Oates & Washbourne, 1931, p. 11-14; Isaacson, Charles S. The story of the English cardinals. London : Elliot Stock, 1907, p. 18-19; Quinlan, John. Our English cardinals, including the English pope. Alcester ; Dublin : C. Goodliffe Neale, 1972, p. 15; Schofield, Nicholas ; Skinner, Gerard. The English cardinals. Oxford, UK : Family Publications, 2007, p. 21; Williams, Robert Folkestone. Lives of the English cardinals, including historical notices of the papal court, from Nicholas Breakspear (Pope Adrian IV) to Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal Legate. 2 vols. Westmead, England : Gregg International, 1969. Responsibility: London, Wm. H. Allen & Co., 1868, I, 165-167.

Webgraphy. Biography by Henry Birt, in English, The Catholic Encyclopedia; biography, in English; Le provincial romain au XIIe siècle by Mgr Louis Duchesne, Mélanges de l'école française de Rome, XXIV (1904), 24, 75-123, in French, (brief biographical profile of the cardinal on page 123); Cencius camerarius et la formation du Liber censuum de 1192 by Teresa Montecchi Palazzi, Mélanges de l'école française de Rome, XCVI (1984), 96-1, 49-93, in French (reference to the cardinal on p. 59-62: "c) Les écrits du camérier Boson").

(1) Modern sources (such as Schofield, The English cardinals, p. 21; and Bellenger, Princes of the church. A history of the English cardinals, p. 7, doubt that he was related to Pope Adrian IV and even that he was an Englishman.
(2) This is according to most sources consulted except Brixius, Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181, p. 58, no. 4, which says that he joined the Canons Regular of S. Maria di Reno of Bologna.
(3) Some sources indicate that he died ca. 1179.

(5) 5. BONADIE, Bonadies de (?-1165)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria in the consistory of December 1155 (1). Subscribed papal bulls issued between January 20, 1157 and March 18, 1158. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Crisogono in March 1158. Subscribed papal bulls issued between April 24, 1158 and May 13, 1159; and February 19, 1160. Participated in the papal election of 1159, in which Pope Alexander III was elected. He was a decided supporter and defender of Pope Alexander III against the antipope and schismatics, who plagued his pontificate; provoked to a duel by the antipope followers, he spontaneously offered his own life saying that the arms of the ecclesiastics were their tears and prayers (2).

Death. 1165, (no place found). Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Brixius, Johannes Matthias. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181. Berlin : R. Trenkel, 1912, p. 58, no. 3; Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 86; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, I, col. 1065; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1928, p. 141.

(1) This is according to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928, p. 141. Brixius, Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181, p. 58, no. 3, says that he was created cardinal on December 21, 1156.
(2) Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, I, pt. 2, 86.

(6) 6. RIVOLTELLA, Ardicio (?-1186)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon of S. Teodoro in the consistory of December 1155. Rector of the church of Benevento. Subscribed papal bulls issued between December 27, 1156 and June 28, 1159; October 15, 1159 and March 21, 1181; March 25, 1182 and November 11, 1185; December 9, 1185 and March 14, 1186. Participated in the papal election of 1159, in which Pope Alexander III was elected. Legate in Lombardy, with Cardinal Ottone of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano, to resolve the differences between the citizens of Lodi and Milan, and to confirm them in the devotion to the Church. Legate in Constantinople, along with the bishop of Tivoli, before Emperor Manuel Commeno, to communicate to him the news of the election to the pontificate of Pope Alexander III and to try to end the schism between the Eastern and Western Churches; as a result of the legation, the Eastern Church and faithful recognized Alexander III as the legitimate pope. Participated in the papal election of 1181, in which Pope Lucius III was elected. Prelate of the church of Piadena, diocese of Cremona, by October 16, 1182. Participated in the papal election of 1185, in which Pope Urban III was elected. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Crisogono in 1186.

Death. 1186, at an advanced age, (no place found). Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Brixius, Johannes Matthias. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181. Berlin : R. Trenkel, 1912, p. 58, no. 2; Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 86-87; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, I, col. 1065; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1928, p. 141.

(1) Brixius, Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181, p. 58, no. 2, note 38, says that the family's name was Ottonis Morenæ.

(7) 7. MORRA, Can. Reg. Prem. of Saint-Martin of Laon, Alberto de (1105/1110-1187)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon of S. Adriano in the consistory of December 1155 (1). Subscribed papal bulls issued between February 16, 1157 and March 11, 1158. Substituted for Cardinal Chancellor Rolando Bandinelli from September 26 to December 1, 1157. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina in 1158. Subscribed papal bulls issued between April 13, 1158 and May 13, 1159; and October 15, 1159 and February 9, 1178. Participated in the papal election of 1159, in which Pope Alexander III was elected. Legate in Dalmatia and Hungary, 1161-1162. In 1163, he brought and offer of reconciliation from the pope to Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa. Legate again in Dalmatia in 1165-1166; administrator of the archdiocese of Spalato in 1166. Between 1171 and 1173, he was legate in France, together with Cardinal Teodino of S. Vitale, before King Henry II of England, after the assassination of Archbishop Thomas Becket of Canterbury; they met the king in Caen and in Avranches, Normandy, in May 1172; in either meeting the legates were able to obtain a rapprochement between the king and the Roman Curia; King Henry II was placed under a personal interdict that declared him guilty of the crime, and a concordat between the crown and the papacy was established. He was an enthusiastic supporter and promoter of the Military Order of Santiago de la Espada; in 1175 he composed the order's rule; the order's main goals were to combat the infidels and to protect to pilgrims in the way to Santiago de Compostela. In 1177, 1179 and 1180, he was sent as legate to northern Italy. Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church on February 22, 1178; he kept the post during his pontificate; he authored the treatise Forma dictandu, establishing the metric rule that should have the final syllable of each phrase, which received the name stylus gregorianus. Subscribed papal bulls issued between February 22, 1178 and August 15, 1181; September 28, 1181 and May 7, 1184; December 21, 1184 and November 11, 1185; March 14, 1186 and October 13, 1187. Participated in the papal election of 1181, in which Pope Lucius III was elected. Cardinal protoprete in 1182. Participated in the papal election of 1185, in which Pope Urban III was elected. He founded the Canons Regular in the church of S. Andrea in Plate and in Ss. Trinità di Palazzolo, Benevento; they were recognized by Pope Urban III in 1187. Participated in the first papal election of 1187 and was elected pope.

Papacy. Elected pope on October 21, 1187, in Ferrara. Took the name Gregory VIII. Consecrated bishop of Rome in Ferrara on October 25, 1187. Crowned by Cardinal Giacinto Bobone, protodeacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin. He did not create any cardinals in his brief pontificate.

Death. December 17, 1187, of fever, Pisa, on his way toward Rome. Buried in the cathedral of Pisa; his tomb was badly damaged by a fire in 1600.

Bibliography. Brixius, Johannes Matthias. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181. Berlin : R. Trenkel, 1912, p. 57-58, no. 1; Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 87-91; Carpegna Falconieri, Tommaso di. "Gregorio VIII" Enciclopedia dei papi. 3 vols. Roma : Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 2000, II, 314-316; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, I, col. 1065-1066 and 1129-1132; Del Re, Niccolò. "Gregorio VIII". Mondo vaticano. Passato e presente. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1995, p. 575; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1928, p. 141; Kelly, John Norman Davidson. The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 182-183.

Webgraphy. Biography by Tommaso Di Carpegna Falconieri, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 59 (2002), Treccani; biography by James Loughlin, in English, The Catholic Encyclopedia; biography, in English, Encyclopaedia Britannica; his engraving and biography, in English, Wikipedia; his image and biography, in Italian, Cronologia Leonardo; biography, in English; five engravings, Bildarchiv Austria, Õsterreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Biblioteca dell'Archiginnasio, Bologna; his engraving, Araldica Vaticana.

(1) This is according to Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, I, pt. 2, 82; Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, I, col. 1065; and "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928, p. 141. Carpegna Falconieri, "Gregorio VIII", Enciclopedia dei papi, II, 314, says that he was promoted in December 1156; and Brixius, Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181, p. 58, says that he was promoted no later than December 21, 1156.

(8) 8. MATENGO, O.Cist., Guglielmo (?-1178)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata in the consistory of December 1155. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Pietro in Vincoli in March 1158. Subscribed papal bulls issued between May 15, 1159 and March 14, 1159; and May 22, 1162 and November 28, 1176. Legate before Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa. Participated in the papal election of 1159, in which Pope Alexander III was elected. Legate in France, England and Sicily. Legate again before the emperor in Bologna and in Venice. He tilted for a moment toward Antipope Victor IV in the assembly of the schismatics in 1160, in Padua, where he stayed (1).

Episcopate. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Porto e Santa Rufina in 1176. Subscribed papal bulls issued between December 31, 1176 and October 5, 1177.

Death. January 18, 1178 (2), Aversa. Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Brixius, Johannes Matthias. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181. Berlin : R. Trenkel, 1912, p. 118, no. 14; Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 91-92; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, I, col. 1166; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1928, p. 141-142.

(1) This is according to Chacón, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, col. 1166, who makes this affirmation based on the cardinal's silence during the assembly.
(2) This is according to Brixius, Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181, p. 118, no. 14. Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928, p. 142, says that he died at the end of 1177. Chacón, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, col. 1160, indicates that he died on "xv. Kalendas Februarij anno 1177" in Montecassino.

(9) 9. GUIDO (?-ca. 1158)