Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Neocesarea and named patriarch of the West Indies, April 6, 1761. Consecrated, June 28, 1761, in the Royal Church of San Jerónimo, Madrid, by Manuel Quintano Bonifaz, titular archbishop of Farsalo, Inquisitor general for Spain, assisted by Manuel Murillo y Argáiz, bishop of Segovia, and by Andrés Cano y Junquera, titular bishop of Arad. Vicario castrense (military vicar) of Spain, 1762 until his death. Judge of the Royal Chapel. He was promoted to the cardinalate at the request of King Carlos III.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 23, 1761; the pope sent him the red biretta with papal ablegato Monsignor Antonio Palafox, with an apostolic brief dated November 27, 1761; King Carlos III imposed the red biretta on the new cardinal in a solemn ceremony. Abbot nullius of Alcalá la Real from 1761. Participated in the conclave of 1769, which elected Pope Clement XIV. Received the red hat on June 22, 1769; and the title of S. Lorenzo in Panisperna, June 26, 1769. Ascribed to the SS. CC. of Propaganda Fide, Apostolic Visit, and Discipline of the Regulars. A year after returning to Spain from Rome, he suffered an apoplectic attack which left him very limited in his activities; similar attacks occurred with frequency. Chancellor and principal minister of the Order of Carlos III, called of the Immaculate Conception, when it was instituted in 1771. Member of the Royal Council. Did not participate in the conclave of 1774-1775, which elected Pope Pius VI. He enjoyed the confidence of King Carlos III, who consulted him in all delicate and difficult religious and political affairs of the kingdom.

Death. May 6, 1777, suddenly, in Madrid (1). Buried in the middle of the church of the Dominican Colegio Santo Tomás, Madrid. The king ordered that he receive the funeral honors of captain general. The funeral was presided over by the inquisitor general of Spain, Manuel Quintano Bonifaz, titular archbishop of Farsalia. In his will, he ordered that his wealth be used to found a school for orphan boys and girls.

Bibliography. Goñi Gaztambide, José. Diccionario de historia eclesiástica de España. 4 vols and Supplement. Dirigido por Quintín Aldea Vaquero, Tomás Marín Martínez, José Vives Gatell. Madrid : Instituto Enrique Flórez, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1972-1975; Suplemento (1987), suppl., 229; Guitarte Izquierdo, Vidal. Episcopologio Español (1700-1867). Españoles obispos en España, América, Filipinas y otros países. Rome : Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica, 1994. (Publicaciones del Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica; Subsidia; 29), p. 88, no. 389; Moroni, Gaetano. Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni. 103 vols. in 53. Venezia : Tipografia Emiliana, 1840-1861, XVII, 117; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 22, 45, 244 and 305; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 665-668; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), II, 916; V, 291; Weber, Christoph. Senatus divinus : verborgene Strukturen im Kardinalskollegium der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800). Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 1996, p. 516-517, no. 729.

Webgraphy. Biography by Raúl Molina Recio, in Spanish, Diccionario Biográfico Español; his engraving and biography, in Spanish, Wikipedia; his engraving by Pietro Antonio Pazzi, Biblioteca comunale dell'Archiginnasio, Bologna; his engraving by Pietro Antonio Pazzi, Biblioteca Digital Memoria de Madrid; his engraving, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) This is according to all the sources consulted except Seidler, Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777), p. 666, which says that he died on May 8, 1777. The same source, on p. 665, says that he died on May 6, 1777

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 23, 1761; the pope sent him the red biretta with an apostolic brief dated November 27, 1761. Administrator of Vácz, April 19, 1762. Decorated with the grand cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefanin 1765. Did not participate in the conclave of 1769, which elected Pope Clement XIV. Protector of the Order of Saint Paul, December 16, 1769. When Pope Clement XIV suppressed the Society of Jesus in 1773, he tried to save that order in Austria; and twenty years later, he unsuccessfully begged Emperor Francis II to reestablish the order. Participated in the conclave of 1774-1775, which elected Pope Pius VI. Received the red hat on March 16, 1775; and the title of Ss. Quattri Coronati, April 3, 1775. Resigned the administration of Vácz on January 9, 1786 because of his disagreements with Emperor Joseph II. Did not participate in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII.

Death. April 14, 1803, Vienna. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Sankt Stephan, Vienna. Last surviving cardinal of Pope Clement XIII. In 1894, Migazziplatz, in the 12th district of Vienna, was named after him.

Bibliography. Die Bischöfe des Heiligen Römischen Reiches, 1648 bis 1803 : ein biographisches Lexikon. Herausgegeben von Erwin Gatz, unter Mitwirkung von Stephan M. Janker. Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 1990, p. 311; Fonzi, Fausto. "Migazzi, Christoph Anton von." Enciclopedia Cattolica, 12 vols. Città del Vaticano : Ente per l'Enciclopedia cattolica e per il Libro cattolico, 1948-54, IX, 983-984; Kovács, Elisabeth. Ultramontanismus und Staatskirchentum im theresianisch-josephinischen Staat : der Kampf d. Kardinäle Migazzi u. Franckenberg gegen den Wiener Professor d. Kirchengeschichte Ferdinand Stöger. Wien : Wiener Dom-Verlag, 1975. (Wiener Beiträge zur Theologie ; Bd. 51; Variation: Wiener Beiträge zur Theologie ; Bd. 51); Maass, Ferdinand. "Migazzi, Christoph Anton." New Catholic Encyclopedia. Prepared by an editorial staff at the Catholic University of America. 19 vols. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1967-1996, 9, 826-827; Notizie per l'anno 1806. In Roma MDCCCVI : Nella Stamperia Cracas, p. 45; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 23, 25, 43, 149, 282, 429 and 441; Wolfsgrüber, Cölestin. Christoph Anton Kardinal Migazzi : Fürsterzbischof von Wien. Saulgau (Wüttemberg) : H. Kitz, 1890.

Webgraphy. Biography by Cölestin Wolfsgrüber, in English, The Catholic Encyclopedia; biographical entry, in English, aeiou project, Encyclopedia of Austria; portrait, arms and biography, in English, Wikipedia; biography, in German, Neue Deutsche Biographie 17 (1994), S. 486-488 [Online-Version]; his portrait and biography, in German, Wikipedia; biography by Peter Hersche, in German, Neue Deutsche Biographie; biography, in German, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie & Neue deutsche Biographie (Digitale Register); his portrait, arms, images and biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; his portrait by Pietro Longhi, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck, Tiroler Portraits; his portrait by an anonymous artist, Priesterseminar Brixen, Tiroloer Portraits; his portrait by an anonymous artist, Artnet Worldwide Corporation; his portrait, bnf.fr; his engraving by F. J. Gleich, Getty Images; engravings, Getty Images; his engraving by Johann Gottfried Haid, Wolfenbüttler Digitale Bibliothek; his engraving by Johann Gottfried Haid, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; engravings, portraits and arms, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi, VI, 282; Notizie per l'anno 1806, p. 45; and his biography in German by Peter Hersche, linked above. His biographical entry in English, linked above; and his biography in German from Wikipedia, also linked above, say that he was born on October 14, 1714. His biography in German from Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, linked above, says that he was born on November 13, 1714, in Innsbruck; and that he died on April 15, 1803, in Vienna. Maass, "Migazzi, Christoph Anton." New Catholic Encyclopedia, 9, 826; and Fonzi, "Migazzi, Christoph Anton von." Enciclopedia Cattolica, IX, 983, indicate tha he was born on November 23, 1714, in Innsbruck; and died Vienna, on September 15, 1803.

(28) 3. CHOISEUL DE BEAUPRÉ, Antoine Clériadus de (1706-1774)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 23, 1761; the red biretta was sent to him by papal brief of November 27, 1761; he never went to Rome to receive the red hat and the title. From 1764, he was chaplain of Stanisław Leszczyński, duke of Lorraine, former the king of Poland. Did not participate in the conclave of 1769, which elected Pope Clement XIV. Abbot commendatario of the royal Benedictine abbey of Saint-Bertin, diocese of Saint-Omer. Prior of the Benedictine priorate of Morteaux, archdiocese of Besançon.

Death. January 7, 1774, castle of Gy, Besançon, where he had gone to try to improve his health. Exposed in the metropolitan cathedral of Besançon; and buried in the tomb of the archbishops in that cathedral.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 237-238; Notizie per l'anno MDCCLXXV. In Roma MDCCLXXV : Nella Stamperia Cracas, presso S. Marco al Corso, p. 124; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 23, 25 and 123; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 565-566.

Webgraphy. His portrait, arms and biography, in French, Wikipédia; biography, in French, Centre de recherche du château de Versailles; his portrait by Louis-Michel Van Loo, in Château de Ray-sur-Saône – Département de la Haute-Saône, by Pierre-Hippolyte Pénet, Musée Lorrain, Nancy; his portrait, Italian School, 18th Century, ca. 1761, Italy, Timothy Langston, Fine Arts & Antiques; his portrait by an anonymous artist, Musée des beaux-arts de Dôle, Ministère de la Culture et la Communication, France; his portrait, Miles Barton, Period Paintings, London; his portrait, Musée de Besançon, Ministère de la Culture et la Communication, France; his engravingby Pietro Antonio Pazzi, Biblioteca comunale dell'Archiginnasio, Bologna; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; engraving and portraits, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank; Instruction pastorale de S.E. monseigneur le cardinal de Choiseul, archevéque de Besançon, pour le carême de l'année 1764 by Antoine Claire, Cardinal de Choiseul. A Besançon : Chez Cl. Jos. Daclin, Imprimeur du Roi & de Son Eminence, &c. 1764, Google Books.

(1) This is according to Chapeau, Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973, p.237-238; Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi, VI, 123, note 4, which says that he was forty eight years old when he was promoted to the episcopate in 1755. Notizie per l'anno MDCCLXXV, p. 124; and Seidler, Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777), p. 564, say that he was born on September 28, 1706.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 23, 1761; received the red hat on November 26, 1761; and the title of S. Eusebio on January 25, 1762. Ascribed to the SS. CC. of Propaganda Fide, Bishops and Regulars, Indulgences and Sacred Relics, and Regular Discipline. On May 30, 1762, the king of France sent him the Cordon Bleue, the blue ribbon of the Order of the Knights of the Holy Spirit, which was imposed by Cardinal Antonio Maria Erba-Odescalchi, vicar of His Holiness. Grand almoner of the queen of France, Marie Leczinska, on June 21, 1762. Named abbot commendatrio of the rich abbey of Saint-Ouen, archdiocese of Rouen, on May 19, 1764. Did not participate in the conclave of 1769, which elected Pope Clement XIV. Did not participate in the conclave of 1774-1775, which elected Pope Pius VI.

Death. March 20, 1777, in the morning, of an apoplexy, while preparing to celebrate mass in the chapel of his palace in Paris, and then go to the court. His body was transported to the cathedral of Laon, where the solemn funeral took place; and buried in that same cathedral (2).

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 469-470; Moroni, Gaetano. Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni. 103 vols. in 53. Venezia : Tipografia Emiliana, 1840-1861, LVIII, 81; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 23, 24 and 255; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 663-665; Weber, Christoph. Senatus divinus : verborgene Strukturen im Kardinalskollegium der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800). Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 1996, p. 517, no. 731.

Link. His portrait and biography, in English, Wikipedia; his portraits, arms and biography, in French, Wikipedia; his engraving by Pietro Antonio Pazzi, Biblioteca comunale dell'Archiginnasio, Bologna; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, portrait and arms, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni, LVIII, 81, says that when Cardinal Giovanni Antonio Guadagni, O.C.D., sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, was informed of the French veto against the election of Cardinal Cavalchini, exclaimed: "Nescio gallice loqui: Dico autem quod vos Spiritui sancto resistitis."
(2) Some sources say that he was buried in the church of Sainte-Geneviève, in Anizy-le-Château, near Laon, which was destroyed during the First World War.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 23, 1761; the red biretta was sent to him by papal brief of November 27, 1761, with ablegato apostolic Monsignor Pietro Mantica, privy chamberlain participantium; Emperor Franz I imposed the red biretta on him; he never went to Rome to receive the red hat and the title. The cathedral chapter frequently criticized his fiscal policies of the principality. His efforts to obtain the diocese of Worms failed both in 1763 and in 1768 because of the other interests of the Viennese court. In 1763, he became provost of Bruchsal-Odenheim; and since 1766, provost of Sankt Viktor in Mainz (by papal commission). Did not participate in the conclave of 1769, which elected Pope Clement XIV, because of his bad health and suffering from epilepsy. He was a pious man with an Enlightenment affinity. He was a lively Rococo lord, who loved the art, a magnificent court and hunting.

Death. April 20, 1770, of an apoplexy, at the episcopal palace of Speyer. The solemn exequies took place in the cathedral of Speyer. Buried in the middle niche of the vault of the princes, church of St. Peter, Bruchsal, on May 10, 1770. His heart was deposited before the altar of Our Lady in the church of of the monastery of Waghäusel.

Bibliography. Ammerich, Hans. "Hutten, Franz Christoph Reichsfreiherr von." Die Bischöfe des Heiligen Römischen Reiches 1648 bis 1803 : ein biographisches Lexikon. Herausgegeben von Erwin Gatz unter Mitwirkung von Stephan M. Janker. Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 1990, p. 199-200; Moroni, Gaetano. Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni. 103 vols. in 53. Venezia : Tipografia Emiliana, 1840-1861, LXX, 90; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 23 and 385; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 533.

Webgraphy. His portraits and biography, in German, Wikipedia; his portraits, Castle of Bruchsal, Jubiläumsausstellung Bruchsal 2006; his portrait, Castle of Birkenau, Pfarrei St. Peter, Bruchsal; fresco of his enthronement, dome of Bruchsal Castle, flickr; his engraving by Pietro Antonio Pazzi, Biblioteca comunale dell'Archiginnasio, Bologna; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his arms, on a medal, VIOSYS Kundenserver; inscription on the opposite side of the same medal, VIOSYS Kundenserver; his efiggy on a medal, The Medieval and Modern Coin Search Engine; his engraving and portrait, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Pfarrei St. Peter, Bruchsal, fourth picture on the page; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(31) 6. NATTA, O.P., Enrichetto Virginio (1701-1768)

Webgraphy. Biography by Paolo Cozzo, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 78 (2013), Treccani; biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; his portrait, secolo XVIII (1750-1774), ambito piomontese, regione ecclesiastica Piemonte, diocesi Alba, Beni Ecclesiastici in web (BeWeB); his engraving by Pietro Antonio Pazzi, Biblioteca comunale dell'Archiginnasio, Bologna; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving by Antonio Capellan (1740—1793), Fondazione Ranieri di Sorbello, Europeana; his engraving, print made and published by Johann Simon Negges, circa 1761, published in Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany, The British Museum; his engraving, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank; Casa Diocesana di Altavilla, "Il Ramo" Società Cooperativa Sociale ONLUS.

(32) 7. MOLINO, Giovanni (1705-1773)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 23, 1761; the pope sent him the red biretta to Venice with an apostolic brief date November 27, 1761, with papal ablegato Monsignor Giuseppe de Renaldis, privy chamberlain participantium. The municipality of Brescia elected him protector of the Biblioteca Quriniana. The controversies between Rome and the Republic of Venice affected him very much and because of his loyalty to the Holy See, he left the diocese because he could not obey the las of the Venetian Senate concerning the regulars; he retire to the Benedictine monastery of Ferrara; he was deprived of his rents and possessions except the furnishings of his room, his carriage and horses; Pope Clement XIII generously assisted him. The anguish his situation caused affected his health and he became almost totally blind. Abbot commendatrio of the abbey of Ss. Simone e Giuda, Bergamo, February 1764. Participated in the conclave of 1769, which elected Pope Clement XIV. Received the red hat on June 22, 1769; and the title of S. Sisto, June 26, 1769. Ascribed to the SS. CC. of Bishops and Regulars, Apostolic Visit, Index, and Indulgences and Sacred Relics. After the conclave, the new pope helped him regain the favor of the Republic of Venice; the pope imposed on the cardinal the acceptance of the laws of the republic, for which the pontiff was very criticized. In the tragic disaster that affected the city of Brescia in the early morning of August 18, 1769, he exercised and extraordinary solicitude for the thousands of people affected. He governed the diocese with great zeal caring for the discipline of the clergy and the ecclesiastical immunity; he visited the diocese; instituted a school for the formation of the youth; and increased the number of professors and students in the seminary of the diocese.

Death. March 14, 1773, of a high fever and other health problems, in Brescia. Exposed and buried in the cathedral of Brescia, where the solemn funeral also took place (1).

Bibliography. Moroni, Gaetano. Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni. 103 vols. in 53. Venezia : Tipografia Emiliana, 1840-1861, XLVI, 34-35; Raccolta di componimenti recitati in una pubblica accademia per la promozione alla sagra porpora di sua eminenza il signor cardinale Giovanni Molino. In Brescia : dalle stampe di Giammaria Rizzardi, 1762; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 23, 25, 49 and 131; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 558-559.

Webgraphy. Biography by Mario Canato, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 75 (2011), Treccani; his engraving by Antonio Capellan (1740—1793), Fondazione Ranieri di Sorbello, Europeana; his engraving by Antonio Capellan, Biblioteca comunale dell'Archiginnasio, Bologna; his engraving by Domenico Cancogni, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Antonio Capellan (incisore), ambito romano, secolo XVIII (1761) regione ecclesiastica Triveneto, diocesi Trento, Beni Ecclesiastici in web (BeWeB); his engraving, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) This is the text of the inscription in his tomb, kindly provided by Mr. Eman Bonnici, from Malta:

(33) 8. ROHAN-GUÉMÉNÉE-MONTBAZON, Louis-César-Constantin de (1697-1779)

Birth. March 24, 1697, Paris, France. Seventh of the thirteen children of Charles III de Rohan, fifth duke of Montbazon, and his second wife, Charlotte Elizabeth de Cochefilet. The other siblings were Louis Henri, François, Louis Charles Casimir, Hercule Mériadec, Charles, Armand Jules, Charlotte, Anne Therese, Marie Anne Benigne, Marie Anne, Angelique Eleonore and Charlotte Julie. Nephew of Cardinal Armand-Gaston-Maximilien de Rohan (1712), bishop of Strasbourg from 1704 to 1749. Distant cousin of Cardinal Armand de Rohan-Soubise-Ventadour (1747), bishop of Strasbourg from 1749 to 1756. Uncle of Cardinal Louis-René-Édouard de Rohan-Guéménée (1778), bishop of Strasbourg from 1779 to 1801.

Early life. Knight of the Sovereign Order of Malta. Entered the Navy in 1713; ensign in 1714; and then lieutenant in 1716; promoted to captain in 1720; retired in 1723.

Education. Studied at the Theological Faculty of Paris, La Sorbonne University, where he obtained a licentiate in canon law.

Priesthood. Ordained (no further information found). Canon of the cathedral chapter of Strasbourg in 1732. Provost major and canon of the cathedral chapter of Strasbourg. Major almoner of King Louis XV of France. Abbot of Lire; and later, of Saint-Epure.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Strasbourg by its cathedral chapter, September 23, 1756; the election was confirmed by King Louis XV of France on September 27, 1756. Preconized by the pope, January 3, 1757. Consecrated, March 16, 1757, chapel of the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, by Cardinal Frédéric-Jérôme de la Rochefoucauld de Roye, archbishop of Bourges, assisted by Louis-Sextius de Jarente de la Bruyère, bishop of Digne, and by François de Brunes de Montlouet, bishop of Saint-Omer.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 23, 1761; the red biretta was sent to him by papal brief of November 27, 1761; he never went to Rome to receive the red hat and the title. Did not participate in the conclave of 1769, which elected Pope Clement XIV. Did not participate in the conclave of 1774-1775, which elected Pope Pius VI.

Death. March 11, 1779, at 4 a.m., after an agony of sixty hours without much suffering, in his residence in rue de Varenne, Paris. Exposed and buried in the cathedral of Strasbourg, where the funeral also took place celebrated by Ferdinand de Rohan, archbishop of Bordeaux, nephew of the cardinal (1).

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 471-472; Le Roy de Sainte-Croix, François Noël. Les quatre cardinaux de Rohan (évêques de Strasbourg) en Alsace. Strasbourg : Hagemann et cie, 1880. (Grande collection alsacienne), pp. 65-79; Moroni, Gaetano. Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni. 103 vols. in 53. Venezia : Tipografia Emiliana, 1840-1861, LVIII, 97; Muller, Claude. Le siècle des Rohan. Une dynastie de cardinaux en Alsace au XVIIIe siècle. Strasbourg : Éditions La Nuée Bleue, 2006, p. 253-308; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 23, 25 and 99.

Webgraphy. His engraving, arms and biography, in French, Wikipedia; his engraving, arms and biography, in German, Wikipedia; his genealogy, Nebesky; his genealogy, A7, Genealogy EU; his engraving by Christophe Guérin, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving by Domenico Cunego, from the same source; his engraving, Araldica Vaticana; his effigy and arms on a coin, cgb.fr, Paris, France; Maison de Rohan, in French, Wikipedia; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank; Maison de Rohan - Arms, the cardinal's arms are the 17th down the page, Héraldique européenne; La Casa de Rohan, in Spanish, Noble y Real.

(1) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi, VI, 23. Muller, Le siècle des Rohan, p. 305, says that he was buried in the church of the Feuillants (Cistercians), in rue Saint-Honoré, in Paris

(34) 9. CENCI, iuniore, Baldassare (1710-1763)

Birth. November 1, 1710, Rome. Of one of the most ancient and distinguished families of the city. Fifth of the seven children of Tiberio Cenci and Eleonora (Maddalena) Costaguti. The other siblings were Porzia, Filippo, Virginio, Maria Isabella , Giovanni Battista and Mario. His first name is also listed as Baldassarre. Great-grand-nephew of Cardinals Vincenzo Costaguti (1643); and Giovanni Battista Costaguti (1690), on his mother's side. Nephew of Cardinal Baldassare Cenci, seniore (1695). Other cardinals of the family were Tiberio Cenci (1645) and Serafino Cenci (1734).

Education. Studied at the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, Rome, from 1727; he obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law.

Sacred orders. Ordained (no information found). Named canon of the chapter of the patriarchal Vatican basilica and chamberlain of honor August 20, 1730. Papal ablegato in 1733 to bring the red biretta to Cardinal Serafino Cenci, archbishop of Benevento. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace and domestic prelate of His Holiness, August 2, 1735. Governor of the city of Benevento September 13, 1737 until June 1739. Recalled to Rome, he was named relator of the S.C. of the Sacred Consulta in 1739, replacing Monsignor Alberico Archinto, who had been named nuncio in Tuscany; occupied the post until 1742. Auditor of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature in January 1742. Second lieutenant of the auditor of the Apostolic Chamber in September 1753; occupied the post for eight years. Secretary of the S.C. of the Sacred Consulta, November 26, 1753.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 23, 1761; received the red hat on November 26, 1761; and the title of S. Maria in Aracoeli, January 25, 1762. Ascribed to the SS. CC. of the Tridentine Council, Sacred Consulta, Ecclesiastical Immunity, Index and Reverend Fabric of Saint Peter's basilica. Pope Clement XIII named him Apostolic delegate and commissary, with absolute powers, for the draining of the Pontine marshes; the project was conceived and prepared by the governor of Marittima e Campagna, Emerico Bolognini, and the surveyor, Angelo Sani (1). In December 1762, he went to Sezze, Piperno and near by places to exercise his commission; at the end of February 1763, he went to Nettuno, where Cardinal Neri Corsini, his friend and former protector, had one his villas. In the evening of March 1, looking in very good health, he retired to rest and was found dead the following morning (2).

Death. March 2, 1763, of an apoplexy, in Nettuno. Exposed in the collegiate church of Nettuno, where the funeral took place; and buried temporarily in the chapel of the patrons Evangelisti and Fontana, dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, in that church. Transferred to Rome on February 16, 1764, near midnight, and buried in the chapel of S. Didaco, of his family, in the church of S. Maria in Aracoeli, his title. At his death, the cardinal had a debt of 22000 scudi, so that the fifteen months of cardinalate had brought his family nothing but ruin.

Bibliography. Beltrami, Giuseppe. Notizie su prefetti e referendari della Segnatura Apostolica desunte dai brevi di nomina. Città del Vaticano, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1972, p. 155, no. 400; Moroni, Gaetano. Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni. 103 vols. in 53. Venezia : Tipografia Emiliana, 1840-1861, XI, 71-72; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 23 and 46; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 440-443; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), I, 219; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7), pp. 144 and 568; Weber, Christoph. Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809 : Chronologie und Prosopographie. 3 vols. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 2003-2004. (Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31/1, 31/2, 31/3; Variation: Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31), II, 548-549; Weber, Christoph. Senatus divinus : verborgene Strukturen im Kardinalskollegium der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800). Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 1996, p. p. 518, no. 734.

Webgraphy. His engraving and biography, in Italian; his engraving by Pietro Antonio Pazzi, Biblioteca comunale dell'Archiginnasio, Bologna; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) The project was published as Memorie dell' antico e presente Stato delle paludi Pontine: e de' rimedi e mezzi per dissecarle, Roma 1759.
(2) This is according to Seidler, Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777), p. 441. Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni, XI, 71-72, says that he went to Terracina and from that city he went to live in the palace of Cardinal Alessandro Albani in the port of Anzio, where he was stricken by an accident (colpito da un accidente) and died on March 2, 1763.

(35) 10. CAPRARA, Cornelio (1703-1765)

Birth. August 16, 1703, Bologna. Of a noble patrician family. Third child of Marchis Francesco Monti Bendini, senator of Bologna, and Marchioness Valeria Beroaldi. Brother of the marquis de Monti. The other children were Teresa, Ferdinando (senator), Luigi (Pietro Innocenzo, marquis and senator), Carlo Amando (lieutenant general of the French Navy), Giuseppe (marchis and senator) and several nuns. Nephew of Cardinal Filippo Maria de Monti (1743). The family possessed the prelature Caprara. He is also listed as Cornelio Monti Caprara and as Cornelio, detto Caprara.

Education. Initial studies in Bologna; later, he studied law at the University of Pisa.

Early life. After finishing his studies, he went to Rome and entered the prelature as referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace on July 15, 1725, with dispensation for not having yet reached the age of twenty five as it was required to become a prelate; at this time he took the name Caprara. Domestic prelate of His Holiness. Relator of the S.C. of the Reverend Fabric of Saint Peter's basilica. Relator of the S.C. of Good Government. Voter of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Justice in September 1733; he occupied the post for ten years. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota on September 9, 1743; took possession in April 1744. Governor of Rome and vice-camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, September 10, 1756 until November 23, 1761.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of November 23, 1761; received the red hat on November 26, 1761; and the deaconry of Ss. Cosma e Damiano, January 25, 1762. Ascribed to the SS. CC. of the Sacred Consulta, Tridentine Council, Rites, Apostolic Visit, Avignon and Lauretana. Received the subdiaconate, November 7, 1762; diaconate, November 14, 1762. A few months after his promotion to the cardinalate, he suffered a serious illness and went to Bologna to recover his health; and then, he returned to Rome.

Death. Good Friday April 5, 1765, of an apoplexy, while he was adoring the Most Blessed Sacrament in the Paolina chapel, at the Vatican palace; he died in the arms of his domestics in the Sala Reggia, as he was going to go to the Sistine chapel for the religious offices of Holy Week; his body was kept in a room contiguous to the Sala the rest of the day; and that night, it was transferred in a carriage to his palace; on Saturday April 6, after having being embalmed, the body was exposed in the noble antechamber of his palace for four days; on April 10, the funeral was celebrated in the basilica of Ss. XII Apostoli, Rome, in the presence of the pope, the Sacred College of Cardinals and the Roman prelature; the requiem mass was celebrated by Cardinal Ferdinando Maria de Rossi, camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals; and then his body was transported to and buried in his deaconry, Ss. Cosma e Damiano.

Bibliography. Del Re, Niccolò. Monsignor governatore di Roma. Rome : Istituto di Studi Romani Editore, 1972, p. 117; Moroni, Gaetano. Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni. 103 vols. in 53. Venezia : Tipografia Emiliana, 1840-1861, XLVI, 252-253, under Monti Caprara, Cornelio; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 23 and 51; Seidler, Sabrina M.; Weber, Christoph. Päpste und Kardinäle in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (1730-1777) : das biographische Werk des Patriziers von Lucca Bartolomeo Antonio Talenti. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Peter Lang, 2007. (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 18), p. 462-462; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), II, 633, tav. Monti (Bologna); Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7) pp. 362 and 547; Weber, Christoph. Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809 : Chronologie und Prosopographie. 3 vols. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 2003-2004. (Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31/1, 31/2, 31/3; Variation: Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31), II, 506.

Webgraphy. His portrait and biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; his portrait, secolo XVIII (1750-1799), ambito bolognese, regione ecclesiastica Emilia Romagna, diocesi Bologna, Beni Ecclesiastici in web (BeWeB); his engraving by Pietro Antonio Pazzi, Biblioteca comunale dell'Archiginnasio, Bologna; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, by Antonio Capellan (1740—1793), Fondazione Ranieri di Sorbello, Europeana; his arms on a medal, laMoneta.it; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

©1998-2018 Salvador Miranda.