Birth. August 7, 1769, Klangefurt, diocese of Gurk, archduchy of Austria. Son of Count Hans Jakob von Gaisruck (1739-1801), president of Carniola (Krain); and later, governor of Slovenia (1791-1795), and governor of Eastern Galitzia (Ostgalizien) (1795-1801), and Baroness Antonia dei Valvassori, dame della Croce Stellata. He was baptized on the same day of his birth. Received the sacrament of confirmation on September 10, 1780. He had the title of count. His first name is also listed as Carlo Gaetano; and his last name as Gaysruck.

Education. First studies at Academia Theresiana in Buda, Hungary; then, as a page at the court of Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus Joseph Franziskus von Colloredo of Salzburg, studied at the local high school; later, he attended Collegium Germanicum, Pavia; and later, he was sent to study at the University of Salzburg, where he earned doctorates in liberal arts and philosophy; he also studied theology and canon law.

Sacred orders. When he was nineteen years old, he entered the ecclesiastical state; Cardinal Franz Auersperg, prince-bishop of Passau, aggregated him to his diocese; received the insignias of the clerical character and minor orders on August 15, 1788; the subdiaconate on December 26, 1795; and the diaconate on December 23, 1797. Elected canon of the cathedral chapter of Passau, September 15, 1788; and capitular vicar in 1797.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 6, 1800, by Leopold Leonhard von Thun, prince-bishop of Passau. Pastor of Sankt Martin, Kallham, diocese of Linz.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Derbe and appointed suffragan of Passau, July 20, 1801. Consecrated, Sunday August 23, 1801, Passau, by Leopold Leonhard von Thun, prince-bishop of Passau (no information found about the co-consecrators). In 1803, the bishopric of Passau was secularized and the prince-bishop and his coadjutor could no longer live there. Bishop Gaisruck then took care of the parish of Kalham, in the diocese of Linz and worked earnestly to alleviate the dire consequences of the Austro-French war that was fought in its territory. Emperor Franz II nominated him for the metropolitan see of Milan on March 1, 1816, without the previous agreement of the Holy See, which delayed his promotion for two years. The see of Milan had united to it the title of cappellano della Corona del Lombardo-Veneto (1). The archdiocese had been vacant since the death of Cardinal Giovanni Battista Caprara on June 21, 1810. Promoted by the pope to that see on May 16, 1818. The new archbishop constituted an episcopal council composed of twelve priests to assist him in the reorganization and reform of the archdiocese. He reorganized the clergy, about 2000, that included several hundred foreigners and politicians, who were forced to live in ways that were not acceptable for lack of positions that provided them with the necessary means. The archbishop ordered a moral census of the priests and incardinated the best; sent to the diocese of origin the undisciplined; established homes for the old and the sick; and for the future, closed the doors to strangers. To have a clergy that was homogeneously formed, Archbishop Gaisruck reorganized the seminaries: he opened the minor seminary of S. Pietro Martire in 1818, replacing the one in Castello, above Lecco, that had become insufficient; and in Monza, in the old locale of the convent of S. Francesco, which was rebuilt and adapted, was opened the seminary for middle students. He resolved the dispute between the government of Milan, the Court of Vienna and the Swiss Confederation, concerning Collegio Elvetico, founded by St. Charles Borromeo in Milan, and suppressed by Napoléon Bonaparte on June 7, 1797, by proposing a settlement that gave the Swiss twenty three places at the expense of the state exchequer in the seminars in Milan in 1835; he also reformed and introduced new disciplines in the school curriculum such as mathematics, physics and ecclesiastical history; he endowed seminaries of a faculty distinguished for their knowledge and piety; and strongly opposed any government interference in the seminaries. Between 1823 and 1841, he had published four editions of the Breviario Ambrosiano.

Birth. October 15, 1756, Camarnal, which belonged to the village of Pinheiros, in the diocese of Leiría, Portugal. Son of Jacinto da Fonseca e Silva and Maria Teresa Inácia de Sousa, modest farmers.

Education. Entered the Order of the Hermits of Saint Augustine as a servant; because of his intelligence, inclination towards studying, and his religious vocation, he was admitted to making the profession in the order. Studied at the University of Coimbra, where he earned a doctorate in theology, on July 31, 1785.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 21, 1780. Lector of theology and Sacred Scriptures, University of Coimbra, for many years. Rector of the school of his order in Lisbon. Royal preacher and, also, preacher of the house of the Infantado. Chaplain of the royal chapel of Bemposta Palace. Ecclesiastical censor of the patriarchate of Lisbon. Deputy to the Junta do Melhoramento. Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon. Professor of theology at the Seminary of Santarém. Inspector of studies of the patriarchate of Lisbon. It has been said that he was a mason.

Episcopate. Presented by King João VI of Portugal for the see of Castelo Branco, May 13, 1818. The canonical process was completed on April 27, 1819, but it did not take effect because on May 3, 1819, the king presented him for the metropolitan see of Évora; preconized, February 21, 1820; on that same day he was granted the pallium. Consecrated, April 30, 1820, church da Graça, Lisbon, by José António Pinto de Mendoça Arrais, bishop of Guarda (the co-consecrators are not known). Member of the junta established by decree of June 18, 1823, to prepare the project of a new fundamental charter of the monarchy. When the Abrilada occurred on April 30, 1824, King João VI named him minister and secretary of ecclesiastical affairs and of justice, May 14, 1824 to January 15, 1825. Charged with delivering a message to Queen Carlota Joaquina from her husband urging her to leave the kingdom, June 22, 1824; she never complied. Royal counselor.

Birth. October 15 (or 16), 1757, Turin, Piedmont. Fourth of the eleven children of Marquis Ignazio Ferrero della Marmora (1717-1775), lieutenant general of the armies of Sardinia, and Cristina San Martino d'Agliè (+ 1783), marchioness of San Germano. The other siblings were Celestino, Irene, Tommaso and seven more brothers and sisters. His baptismal name was Teresio Maria Carlo Vittorio. His first name is also listed as Carlo Vittorio.

Education. Studied at Collegio dei Nobili, Turin, where he earned a master's degree in 1775; and at the University of Turin, where he obtained a doctorate in utroque iuris, both civil and canon law, on April 28, 1779. At the same time, he devoted himself to the study of history and heraldry; and was passionate about numismatics, increasing the famous collection owned by his family.

Early life. In November 1779, he was appointed rector of the University of Turin.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 9, 1781. Synodal examiner in Turin. Almoner of Vittorio Amedeo II, king of Sardinia, in 1784. Member of Collegio di Filosofia in 1786. Proposed by King Vittorio Amedeo III for the diocese of Casale Monferrato.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Casale Monferrato, June 27, 1796. Consecrated, July 3, 1796, Rome, by Cardinal Giacinto Sigismondo Gerdil, B., assisted by Nicola Buschi, titular archbishop of Efeso, and by Michele Di Pietro, titular bishop of Isauriopoli. Took possession of the see in the following month of September. He demonstrated excellent pastoral skills in those difficult years, doing everything for the people, put to the test by the war between the French and the Austrians. When the inhabitants of Casale Monferrato rebelled against the French and the city was threatened with destruction, Bishop Ferrero intervened and the massacre was avoided; he was imprisoned and sent to Alessandria. He was released and returned to Casale and began to revive and help the population. During the French occupation, he welcomed Pope Pius VI, a prisoner of the French Revolution, and accompanied him to Turin. Resigned pastoral government of the diocese, May 18, 1803. Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte obtained from Pope Pius VII the reduction of the dioceses of Piedmont, therefore, with papal bull of June 1, 1803, were suppressed nine dioceses including Casale Monferrato, Pinerolo, Fossano, Susa, Biella, Aosta, Alba, Testona, and Bobbio. By virtue of that decree, the diocese of Saluzzo was united with the suppressed diocese of Pinerolo. Bishop Ferrara was nominated bishop of Saluzzo by the emperor on June 11, 1805. The pope transferred him to that see on February 1, 1805, in the consistory celebrated in Paris. Bishop Ferrero administered the diocese of Saluzzo, staying in Casale Monferrato until the day of the solemn entrance in Saluzzo. He worked to obtain that Cardinal Bartolomeo Pacca and other Roman prelates had less harsh living conditions in the period in which they were exiled and imprisoned in the fortress of Fenestrelle. The emperor, even knowing the bishop's opposition to his government, appointed him knight of the Légion d'honneur; and baron of the empire in 1808. In 1815, he met Pope Pius VII in Turin on the occasion of the display of the Holy Shroud. He established the episcopal seminary of Saluzzo in the church of S. Nicola and the annexed convent. He also established the residence of the bishops in the former palace of the counts of Cravetta. Resigned pastoral government of the diocese, April 9, 1824. Abbot commendatario of the abbey of S. Benigno di Fruttuaria, 1824. At the request of King Carlo Felice he was promoted to the cardinalate.