Birth. June 25, 1816, Castres, archdiocese of Albi, France. Eighth child of 8º hijo de Jean Louis Bernadou (1778-1860), a businessman, and Marguerite Elisabeth Vincens (1779-1855). His Jean Louis Vincent (1800-1868), was mayor of Castres and deputy of the Tarn (1837-1846). brother was mayor of Castres.

Education. Studied philosophy at the Major Seminary of Albi; and theology at Saint-Sulpice Seminary, Paris.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 19, 1840, Paris. He belonged for several years to the Society of Missionaries of France. Pastoral work in diocese of Algiers, canon of the cathedral chapter in 1844; archpriest of the cathedral in 1847. Emperor Napoléon III of France presented him for the see of Gap in January 1862.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Gap, April 7, 1862. Consecrated, June 29, 1862, cathedral of Castres, by Jean-Joseph-Marie-Eugène de Jerphanion, archbishop of Albi, assisted by Louis-Antoine Pavy, bishop of Alger, and by Jean-Jacques Bardou, bishop of Cahors. His episcopal motto was Fide et lenitate. Took possession of the see on the following July 10. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, April 13, 1866. During his episcopate, he built the cathedral, of which the first stone was placed on June 16, 1866; also, he encourage pilgrimages; reorganized the diocesan minor seminary; favored the ecclesiastical studies; and published a new edition of the catechism. Emperor Napoléon III of France presented him for the see of Sens on May 10, 1867. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Sens, July 12, 1867; he was granted the pallium on that same day, while he was in Rome. Took possession of the see on the following September 3. In Sens, he restored the cathedral; rebuilt the major seminary and the episcopal palace; built a minor seminary; and promoted the pilgrimages. Participated in the First Vatican Council, 1869-1870; initially he sided with the new-Gallicans; on July 13, 1870, he voted placet juxta modum (in favor but on condition of some amendment) on the section on infallibility of the constitution Pastor aeternus; in the final vote, on July 18, he voted placet. During the Franco-Prussian War (July 19, 1870 to May 10, 1871), he showed a great courage realizing pastoral visits and put the local church available as hospitals.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 7, 1886; received red hat and title of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio, March 17, 1887.

Death. November 15 (1), 1891, Sens. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Sens.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 190; La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 190; LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des cardinaux du XIXe siècle : contribution à l'histoire du Sacré Collège sous les pontificats de Pie VII, Léon XII, Pie VIII, Grégoire XVI, Pie IX et Léon XIII, 1800-1903. Montréal : Wilson & Lafleur, 2007. (Collection Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), p. 142-143; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 32, 53, 513 and 582.

Birth. February 17, 1820, Sainte-Marie de la Beauce, archdiocese of Québec, Canada. Sixth of the seven children of Jean-Thomas Taschereau (1778-1832) (third boy), judge of the Cour du banc du Roi, and Marie Panet (1788-1866), daughter of the president of the first chamber of the assembly of Bas-Canada. His brother Jean Thomas (1814-1893) was a magistrate of the Supreme Tribunal of Canadá from 1875 to 1878. Grand nephew, on his mother's side, of Bernard-Claude Panet (1753-1833), archbishop of Québec (1825-1833).

Education. Primary studies with a tutor; then, studied at the Seminary of Québec, 1828-1836 (classics); traveled for a year to Great Britain, Low Countries, France and Italy with Father John Holmes, professor of the seminary; received the tonsure in Rome on May 20, 1837; returned to Canada and studied theology at the Grand Seminary of Québec while teaching in the minor seminary; later, studied at the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare", earning a doctorate in canon law on July 1856).

Priesthood. Ordained, with dispensation for not having yet reached the canonical age, September 10, 1842, parish church of Sainte-Marie-de-la-Nouvelle-Beauce, by Pierre-Flavien Turgeon, titular bishop of Sidima, coadjutor of Québec. Professor of philosophy at the Seminary of Québec, 1842-1854; he also taught astronomy, theology and Holy Scriptures; member of the seminary council; prefect of studies, 1849-1854; director of the minor seminary, 1851-1852. One of the founders of Laval University in 1852. Further studies in Rome, 1854-1856; first Canadian priest to reside in the Pontifical French Seminary of Rome. At his return from Rome, he was professor of theology and director of the Minor Seminary of Québec, 1856-1859; director of the Grand Seminary of Québec, 1859-1860; rector of Laval University and superior of the Seminary, 1860-1866; director of the Grand Seminary of Québec, 1866-1869; re-elected rector of Laval University and superior of the seminary, 1869-1871. Vicar general of Québec and examiner of young priests, 1862. Accompanied Charles-François Baillargeon, titular bishop of Tlos, administrator of Québec, to Rome, 1862. Participated in the First Vatican Council, 1869-1870, as theologian of Archbishop Charles-François Baillargeon of Québec. Named administrator of the archdiocese of Québec at the death of Archbishop Baillargeon in October 1870.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Québec, December 24, 1870. Consecrated, March 19, 1871, metropolitan cathedral of Québec, by John Joseph Lynch, C.M., archbishop of Toronto, assisted by Edward John Horan, bishop of Kingston, and by Charles LaRocque, bishop of Saint-Hyacinthe. He took possession of the see on that same day. His episcopal mottos were Tales ambios defensores and In fide spe et caritate certandum. He received the pallium in May 1872, in the church of Notre-Dame of Montréal. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, May 16, 1875.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 7, 1886; with an apostolic brief of June 7, 1886, the pope sent him the red biretta; received red hat and title of S. Maria della Vittoria, March 17, 1887. His mental faculties were considerably debilitated by a progressive brain degeneration and he delegated the government of the archdiocese to his coadjutor, with right of succession, Louis-Nazaire Bégin, titular archbishop of Cirene, on September 3, 1894. He was the first Canadian cardinal.

Death. April 12, 1898, Québec. Exposed in the metropolitan cathedral of Québec, where the funeral took place celebrated by Cardinal James Gibbons, archbishop of Baltimore, and buried in that cathedral (1). Inaugurated on June 9, 1923, a monument honors the late cardinal in a small park near the Town Hall and the Basilica Notre-Dame de Québec.

Bibliography. LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des évêques catholiques du Canada. les diocèses catholiques canadiens des Églises latine et orientales et leurs évêques; repères chronologiques et biographiques, 1658-2002. Ottawa : Wilson & Lafleur, 2002. (Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), pp. 918-922; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 32, 51 and 473.

Birth. October 15, 1824, Villefranche-sur-Saone, archdiocese of Lyon, France. From a family of the small bourgeoisie. Surviving eldest son of Claude Antoine Langénieux (1799-ca.1833), saddler merchant, and of Aimée Charles (1803-1884). He was only eight years old when his family moved to Paris; his father died shortly after, leaving the responsibilty of raising three young children aged one to eight to his mother. He received his first communion on July 3, 1836.

Education. Studied humanities at the Minor Seminary of Saint-Nicolas du Chardonnet, Paris, which was under the direction of Abbé Félix Dupanloup; he was a condisciple of future Cardinals Charles-Martial-Allemand Lavigerie and Joseph-Alfred Foulon; from 1846 to 1857, he was a preceptor in Saint-Servan, Bretagne; in October 1847, he entered the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, and studied theology. Received the diaconate on May 25, 1850. While he was vicar of Saint-Roche, he studied theology at La Sorbonne University, Paris, obtaining a bachelor's degree.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 21, 1850, metropolitan cathedral of Paris, by Marie Dominique Auguste Sibour, archbishop of Paris. In the archdiocese of Paris, 1850-1873, vicar of the parish of Saint-Roch, Paris; vice-promotor and later promotor of the archdiocesan curia, November 1, 1863; pastor of the large parish Saint-Ambroise on March 15, 1863; pastor of the parish of Saint-Augustine on January 29, 1868, where he distinguished himself as an excellent preacher; archdeacon of the metropolitan cathedral chapter and vicar general on November 28, 1871. At the request of Emperor Napoléon III, he had the preaching of Lent 1870 in the chapel of the Tuileries. Presented by the French government to the see of Tarbes on July 25, 1873, in spite of the strong reservations from the nuncio, Flavio III Chigi, titular archbishop of Mira.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Tarbes, July 25, 1873. Consecrated, October 28, 1873, cathedral of Paris, by Joseph-Hippolyte Guibert, archbishop of Paris, assisted by Frédéric de Marguerye, former bishop of Autun, and by Jacques Jeancard, titular bishop of Ceramo. His episcopal motto was Vivat in me Christus. He was nominated to the see of Reims by the president of the French Republic, Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duke of Magenta, on November 17, 1874. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Reims, December 21, 1874. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, February 19, 1875.

Birth. July 23, 1834, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America. From a family of Irish immigrants who settled in the United States ca. 1829 later moving to Canada. Fourth of the six children of Thomas Gibbons (1800-1847) and Bridget Walsh (1803-1883). Because of health, the father moved the family back to Ireland in 1839 and James received his early education in Ballinrobe, near Westport, Co. Mayo; after the death of the father, the family returned to the United States in January 1853, settling in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Education. Studied at St. Charles College, Ellicott City, Maryland; St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 30, 1861, St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, by Francis Patrick Kenrick, archbishop of Baltimore. Pastoral work in archdiocese of Baltimore, 1861-1865: curate at St. Patrick's church in Fells Point for six weeks before becoming the first pastor of St. Brigid's Church in Canton; in addition to his duties at St. Brigid's, he assumed charge of St. Lawrence church in Locust Point; and was a chaplain for Fort McHenry in the Civil War, during which he supported the Union despite having been born and largely raised in the South. Secretary to Archbishop Martin John Spalding of Baltimore, 1865-1868. Assistant chancellor, Second Plenary Council of Baltimore, 1866.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Adramittio and named apostolic vicar of North Carolina, March 3, 1868. Consecrated, August 16, 1868, Baltimore, by Martin John Spalding, archbishop of Baltimore, assisted by Patrick Neeson Lynch, bishop of Charleston, and by Michael Domenec, C.M., bishop of Pittsburgh. In the same ceremony was consecrated Thomas Albert Andrew Becker, first bishop of Wilmington. His episcopal mottos were Auspice Maria and Emmite Spiritum tuum. Attended the First Vatican Council, 1869-1870. Transferred to the see of Richmond, July 30, 1872. Transferred to the titular see of Jonopolis and appointed coadjutor, with right of succession, of Baltimore, May 29 (1), 1877. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Baltimore, October 3, 1877. Convened and presided over the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore as apostolic delegate, November 9 to December 7, 1884.

Birth. February 14, 1814, Paris, France. From a family of the industrial bourgeoisie. Son of Philippe Place (+1872) and Marie Lefèbvre d’Hervilliers (+1875). Brother of Victor Place (1818-1875), diplomat and archeologist.

Education. Studied at lyceum Henri IV (classics and literature); at the University of Paris, where he earned a doctorate in civil law in 1841; he was received at the Bar and exercised his profession at the court of appeal of Paris; in 1847, he decided to enter the ecclesiastical state and went to Rome to study theology at Collegio Romano, also serving temporarily as secretary to the French ambassador in Rome (whom he accompanied to Gaeta during the 1849 revolution); later, he obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, by apostolic brief of July 28, 1863.

Priesthood. Ordained, March 30, 1850, at the patriarchal Lateran basilica, by Cardinal Costantino Patrizi Naro, vicar of Rome. On his return to France, he was named honorary canon of the cathedral chapter of Orléans in July 1850. Vicar general of the diocese of Orléans; responsible of the Christian instruction of the youth; rector of the Minor Seminary of Orléans. In 1856, he passed to the archdiocese of Paris and was chaplain of religious; in 1856, he became rector of the Minor Seminary of Notre-Dame-des-Champs, Paris. Domestic prelate of His Holiness. By imperial decree of March 15, 1863, he was nominated auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota for France; he was admitted on the following June 5; he obtained the doctorate in utroque iure by pontifical brief of July 28; and took the oath on January 22, 1864, succeeding in that post future Cardinal Charles-Martial-Allemand Lavigerie, M.Afr. He was nominated to the see of Marseille by Emperor Napoléon III of France on January 13, 1866.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Marseille, June 22, 1866 (1); he was granted the pallium on that same day (privilege of the bishops of Marseille). Consecrated, August 26, 1866, in the Hall of the Consistory of the Apostolic Palace, Rome, by Pope Pius IX, assisted by Giuseppe Cardoni, bishop of Loreto e Recanati, and by Francesco Marinelli, titular bishop of Porfireone, sacristan of His Holiness. His episcopal motto was Tuas voluntas Deus. e was made knight of the Légion d'honneur of August 12, 1864. He was also decorated with the grand-cross of the Holy Sepulchre. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, June 17, 1867. He obtained his licentiate in theology at La Sorbonne University in 1868. He participated in the First Vatican Council (1869-1870), where he was part of the minority and voted non placet (against the definition of papal infallibility) at the session of July 13, 1870, which brought him into conflict with the elements utramontains of his clergy, especially since he had been assigned authorship of a letter published in the Journal of Debates deploring the obstacles to the freedom of the council. But he submitted in a pastoral letter after the dogmatic definition accepting it. The Holy See, which had expressed reservations about his episcopal appointment in 1866 because of his reputation of Gallicanism, opposed in 1870 his promotion to the metropolitan and primatial see of Lyon. During his episcopate in Marseille, he worked to finish the construction of the cathedral; reorganized the finances of the diocese; and had to face the anti clericalism that the progression of religious indifference was producing. Presented by the president of France, Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duke of Magenta, to the see of Rennes on July 8, 1878. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Rennes on July 15, 1878; he was granted the pallium on that same day. He took possession of the see the following October 10. He obtained on February 13, 1880 the reestablishment of the title of cathedral for the churches of Saint-Samon of Dol and Saint-Vincent of Saint-Malo and the archdiocese became that of Rennes, Dol et Saint-Malo. In his archdiocese, he eradicated the Jansenists traditions; founded many Christian schools; realized pastoral visits throughout its territory, visiting at least twice each parish; fomented the training of clergy with ecclesiastical conferences and annual retreats; attached great importance to catechism first communion and perseverance; created a Diocesan Bureau of Works; he generally opposed the interference of the clergy in electoral contests and condemned the excesses of the extremists (often from Legitimist circles). He would not act on constitutional grounds against sectarian government projects. He took his role of metropolitan very seriously, convening an annual meeting of the suffragan bishops.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 7, 1886; received red hat and title of S. Maria Nuova or S. Francesca in Foro Romano, March 17, 1887. He fought for the freedom of education, signing in January 1892 an exposé of the situation made for the Church in France. He also protested against the decrees of expulsion of the religious congregations. In 1890, he refused to assume the announcement of the policy of rallying Catholics to the Third Republic, as requested by Cardinal Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro, secretary of State, a mission that would ultimately fall to Cardinal Lavigerie (2).

Death. March 5, 1893, Rennes. Exposed in the metropolitan cathedral of Rennes, where the funeral took place on the following March 14; and buried in that same cathedral (3) (4).

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 449-450; LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des cardinaux du XIXe siècle : contribution à l'histoire du Sacré Collège sous les pontificats de Pie VII, Léon XII, Pie VIII, Grégoire XVI, Pie IX et Léon XIII, 1800-1903. Montréal : Wilson & Lafleur, 2007. (Collection Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), p. 758-761; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 32, 50, 372 and 478; Ward, James E. "The French Cardinals and Leo XIII's Ralliement Policy." Church History , Vol. 33, No. 1 (Mar., 1964), pp. 60-73.

Birth. February 10, 1833, Vitulano, archdiocese of Benevento. Of a well-to-do family. Son of Muzio Mazzella and Eugenia Marcarelli. Two of his brothers, Ernesto (1833-1897), (his twin) and Pietro (b. 1839), also became priests; the former was archbishop of Bari from 1833 until his death; and the latter also joined the Society of Jesus. His brother Paolo (1844-1917) was a judge, first president of the Court of Cassation of Florence (1912-1917) and senator of the Kingdom in 1912. His nephew, Orazio Mazzella (1860-1939), was archbishop of (1898) and of Tarento (1917-1935).

Education. Initial studies under a tutor at home; the twin brothers entered the Seminary of Benevento when they were ten or eleven years old (1); Jesuit Novitiate, La Conocchia, Naples; Jesuit College, Cosenza; Jesuit Scholasticate, Fourvières, France; Jesuit House of S. Eusebio, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 8, 1855, Benevento, by Archbishop Camillo Siciliano di Rende of Benevento, with a dispensation from Pope Pius IX because he had not yet reached the canonical age. Pastoral work in the parish church of Vitulano, 1855-1857; he and his twin brother were canons of this church because two of its canonries had been founded by their ancestors and were at the disposal of the family. Entered the Society of Jesus, September 4, 1857. Religious profession, September 5, 1859; final vows, February 2, 1869. Faculty member, Jesuit Scholasticate, Fourvières, 1861-1867; faculty member, Georgetown University, Washington, 1867-1869; faculty member, College of the Sacred Heart, Woodstock, Maryland, 1869-1875; consultor of the Jesuit province of Maryland, 1872-1875; faculty member of Collegio Romano, Rome, 1878-1886.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of June 7, 1886; received red hat and deaconry of S. Adriano, June 10, 1886. Prefect of the S.C. of the Index, February 20, 1889 until June 22, 1893. Prefect of the S.C. of Studies from June 22, 1893 until June 15, 1897. Opted for the order of priests and the title of S. Maria in Traspontina, June 22, 1896. President of the Academy of S. Tommaso d'Aquinas, Rome.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of the suburbicarian see of Palestrina, April 19, 1897. Consecrated, May 8, 1897, Rome, by Cardinal Lucido Maria Parocchi, vicar of Rome, assisted by Casimiro Gennari, titular archbishop of Lepanto, assessor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, and by Orazio Mazzella, titular bishop of Cime, auxiliary of Bari, his nephew. His twin brother, Ernesto Mazzella, archbishop of Bari, was present in the sanctuary. He has been the only Jesuit cardinal to become a cardinal bishop. Prefect of the S.C. of Rites and Ceremonies from June 15, 1897 until his death.

Death. March 26, 1900, soon after having received the viaticum, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Bernardo alle Terme and buried in the chapel of the Society of Jesus in Campo Verano cemetery, Rome.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 204-205; Finn, Brendan A. Twenty-four American cardinals. Biographical sketches of those princes of the Catholic Church who either were born in America or served there at some time. With a foreword by Francis Cardinal Spellman. Boston : Bruce Humphries, 1947, pp. 381-391; LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des cardinaux du XIXe siècle : contribution à l'histoire du Sacré Collège sous les pontificats de Pie VII, Léon XII, Pie VIII, Grégoire XVI, Pie IX et Léon XIII, 1800-1903. Montréal : Wilson & Lafleur, 2007. (Collection Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), p. 619-622; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 32, 45, 51 and 54.