Birth. June 18, 1842, parish of São Pedro, Gouveia, diocese of Coimbra (now Guarda), Portugal. From a humble family. Son of Miguel Mendes Bello and Rosalina dos Santos de Almeida Mota. His last name is also listed as Belo.

Education. After his initial education, he studied at the Seminary of Coimbra from 1856 to 1862; then, he enrolled in the Faculty of Law of Coimbra but had to abandon his studies and return to Gouveia shortly after due to bad health; and at the University of Coimbra from 1866 to 1870, where he obtained a licentiate in law; he was invited by the Faculty to obtain a doctorate, what amounted to an invitation to compete for a professorship; he declined for reasons unknown and returned to Gouveia. Received the insignias of the clerical character and the minor orders on December 21, 1860; the subdiaconate on May 21, 1864; and the diaconate on December 17, 1864.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 10, 1865. Pastoral work and vicar general of the diocese Funchal, 1865-1874. Professor of theology at the Seminary of Pinhel (the diocese was suppressed on September 30, 1881 and transferred to Guarda); pastoral ministry in the parish of Nossa Senhora de Espinheiro de Sêda, in the diocese of Elvas and professor of theology in its seminary (the diocese was suppressed on September 30, 1881 and transferred to Evora); honorary canon of Cabo Verde; vicar general of the diocese of Pinhel, October 1874-1881; and of the diocese of Aveiro, 1881 (the diocese was suppressed and united with Coimbra); vicar general of Lisbon, 1881-1884.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Mitilene and appointed suffragan of Lisbon, March 24, 1884. Consecrated, April 27, 1884, patriarchal cathedral of Lisbon, by Cardinal José Sebastião Neto, patriarch of Lisbon, assisted by José da Silva Ferrão, bishop of Portalegre, and by Antonio Thomas da Silva Leitão e Castro, bishop of Angola. Presented by King Luís I of Portugal for the see of Faro on September 11, 1884. Transferred by the pope to the see of Faro, with the title of archbishop ad personam, November 13, 1884. He was decorated with the grand cross of the Order of Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Vila Viçosa in 1897. He was presented for the patriarchate of Lisbon by the king of Portugal, Carlos I, by decree of November 7, 1907. He was promoted to the patriarchate by Pope Pius X on the following December 19; he was granted the pallium on that same day. He was the thirteenth patriarch of Lisbon.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest and reserved in pectore, November 27, 1911. The political convulsions in Portugal impeded his publication as cardinal. Expelled from Lisbon for two years, 1911-1913, for infraction of the law of separation between Church and State; resided in Gouveia. Published, May 25, 1914; on June 13, 1914, he received in Lisbon the red skullcap sent by the pope with the apostolic delegate, the duke de la Vera and marquis of Ávila-Fuente, grande de Espña and papal noble guard; received the red biretta on September 4, 1914; and the red hat and the title of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro on September 8, 1914; took possession of his title on the following September 17. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. He belonged to the Academy of Sciences of Lisbon from 1923. Papal legate to the National Eucharistic Congress, Braga, 1924; to the Portuguese National Council, Lisbon, August 5, 1926.

Death. August 5, 1929, Lisbon. Buried, patriarchal vault, church of São Vicente de Fora, Lisbon (1). A street was named after him in the parish of São Pedro, council of Gouveia, district of Guarda.

Bibliography. Ayres Pacheco, António. A expulsão do senhor patriarcha d. António I : documentos para a historia da perseguição religiosa em Portugal. Lisboa : A. d'Almeida e Costa, 1912; Magalhães, José Maria Barbosa de. Elogio histórico de d. António Mendes Belo. Lisboa : Ottosgrafica, 1931. Note: "Discurso proferido na sessão solene de 26 de fevereiro de 1931"; Moura, Maria Lúcia Brito de. "D. António Mendes Bello (1908-1929)" in Os patriarcas de Lisboa. Coordenação D. Carlos Azevedo, Sandra Costa Saldanha, António Pedro Boto de Oliveira. Palavra de apresentação do Cardeal Patriarca, D. José da Cruz Policarpo. Lisboa : Centro Cultural do Patriarcado de Lisboa; Alêtheia Editores, 2009, p. 129-141; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 12 and 227-228; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 388 and 451.

Webgraphy. His portrait, arms and biography, in Portuguese, Wikipedia; biography, in Portuguese, Biblioteca Municipal Vergílio Ferreira, Gouveia; biography, in Portuguese, Instituto de História Contemporânea, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa; his portrait and genealogy, in Portuguese, Geneall; in brief biographical entry, in Portuguese, Os Cardeais Portugueses, patriarcado de Lisboa; and his portrait and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

(1) This is the inscription on his sarcophagus, kindly provided by Mr. Eman Bonnici, from Malta

Birth. August 6, 1838, Terán, Cabuérniga, diocese of Santander, Spain. Son of Isidro de Cos, from Viaña, and Francisca Macho, from Pesquera, farmers. Baptized in the parish of Santa Eulalia, August 9, 1838, with the names José María Justo. His last name is also listed as De Cos y Macho.

Education. Studied at the Jesuit School, Segura, Guipúzcoa; at the Seminary of Monte Corbán, Santander; and at the University of Salamanca, where he obtained a doctorate in theology.

Priest. Ordained, September 1862. Further studies, 1862-1864. Faculty member of the Conciliar Seminary of Santander, 1862-1865. Canon magister of the cathedral of Oviedo, 1865. Secretary of the chamber of the bishop of Oviedo, 1882. Archdeacon of the cathedral chapter of Córdoba, 1884; exchanged the post for canon maestreescuela of the cathedral chapter of Oviedo.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Mondoñedo, June 10, 1886. Consecrated, September 12, 1886, at the cathedral of Oviedo, by Victoriano Guisasola y Rodríguez, archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, assisted by Ramón Martínez Vigil, O.P., bishop of Oviedo, and by José Tomás de Mazarrasa y Rivas, titular bishop of Filippopoli in Arabia, apostolic administrator of Ciudad Rodrigo. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, February 14, 1889. Senator of the Spanish kingdom, 1891 until his death. Transferred to the diocese of Madrid-Alcalá, with the title of archbishop ad personam, June 11, 1892. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Valladolid, April 18, 1901.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria del Popolo, December 2, 1912. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Apostolic administrator of Avila, December 4, 1918.

Death. December 17 (1), 1919, of bronchopneumonia, Valladolid. Buried in the chapel of San José in the metropolitan cathedral of Valladolid.

Bibliography. Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1922, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1921, p. 66; Echeverría, Lamberto de. Episcopologio español contemporáneo, 1868-1985 : datos biográficos y genealogía espiritual de los 585 obispos nacidos o consagrados en España entre el 1 de enero de 1868 y el 31 de diciembre de 1985 . Salamanca : Universidad de Salamanca, 1986. (Acta Salmanticensia; Derecho; 45), p. 53; Pieta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 10 and 24; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 314, 373, 386 and 580.

Webgraphy. Biography by Vicente Cárcel Ortí, in Spanish, Diccionario Biográfico Español, DB~e; biography by Salvador Miranda, in Spanish, Episcopologio de la Iglesia Católica en Cuba; brief biographical data, in Spanish, Ayuntamiento de Cabuérniga (Cantabria); photographs, Araldica Vaticana.

(1) This is according to Echeverría, Episcopologio español contemporáneo, 1868-1985, p. 53; Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 580; and Pieta, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IX, p. 10; Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1922, p. 66, says that he died on December 16, 1919.

Birth. September 20, 1842, Pescocostanzo, archabbey nullius de Monte Cassino, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. One of the five children of Donato Antonio Falconio, a goldsmith, and Maria Giacinta Buccigrossi. Received the sacrament of confirmation, September 5, 1852.

Education. Joined the Order of Friars Minor, province of Abruzzi, Reformed branch (1), September 2, 1860; changed his baptismal name Angelo Raffaele Gennaro to Diomede of Pescocostanzo. Franciscan convents of Magliano, and Carpineto. Took first vows, September 17, 1861; perpetual vows, October 12, 1864. Traveled to the United States of America in the Fall 1865.

Priesthood. Ordained, January 4, 1866, Buffalo, New York, by John Timon, C.M., bishop of Buffalo. Professor of philosophy, St. Bonaventure's College and Seminary, Alleghany, N.Y., 1865-1868; 1869-1871; president, 1868-1869. Missionary work in Terranova. Became an American citizen. Secretary of the American Franciscan province of the Immaculate Conception, 1867. Administrator, chancellor, and vicar general of diocese of Harbor Grace, 1871-1882. The opposition of the Irish Benevolent Society to the appointment of an Italian bishop to the diocese of Harbor Grace made his superior recall him to the United States. Missionary work in New York and Connecticut, 1882-1883; returned to Italy in 1883. Provincial of his order in the province of S. Bernardino, Abruzzi, Italy, 1884-1889. Prosynodal examiner, archdiocese of Aquilea. Elected procurator general of his order, October 1889; visitor general to the provinces of Naples, and Pouilles, France, 1889-1892.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Lacedonia, Italy, July 11, 1892. Consecrated, July 17, 1892, church of S. Antonio in Via Merulana, Rome, by Cardinal Raffaele Monaco La Valletta, bishop of Ostia and Velletri, dean of Sacred College of Cardinals, assisted by Antonio Grasselli, O.F.M.Conv., titular archbishop of Colosso, and by Tancredo Fausti, titular archbishop of Seleucia Pieria. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Acerenza e Matera, November 29, 1895. First apostolic delegate in Canada, August 3, 1899. Transferred to the titular see of Larissa, September 30, 1899. Apostolic delegate in the United States of America, September 30, 1902; he paid special attention to the care of the spiritual needs of the linguistic minorities: to provide spiritual assistance in their language and to nominate bishops of the same ethnic origin, or that at least speak the language of that minority (2).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria in Aracoeli, November 30, 1911. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Velletri, May 25, 1914. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Prefect of the S.C. for Religious, February 26, 1916.

Death. February 8, 1917, Rome. Buried in the Franciscan church of Pescocostanzo (3).

Bibliography. Il cardinale Diomede Falconio, O.F.M. : nel 50 anniversario della morte. L'Aquila : S. Bernardino, 1968. Contents: Presentazione.--Biographical note / I. Herscher.--Diomede Falconio e la sua famiglia religiosa / G. Marinangeli.--Diomede Falconio vescovo / R. Corona.--Il cardinal Falconio e Pescocostanzo / A. Di Ianni.--How Cardinal Falconio helped the Basilian congregation.--Falconio visto da vicino.--Dalle "Memorie."--Carte "Fondo Falconio" / R. Corona.--Bibliography / I. Herscher.--To my loved America. "Supplemento a Acta Provinciae Aprutinae S. Bernardini Senensis O.F.M., Anno XXII (1968)"; Chapeau, O.S.B., André and Charles N. Bransom. "Franciscan bishops." Franciscan Studies, XLVII (1987), 364; Code, Joseph Bernard. Dictionary of American Hierarchy, New York : Joseph Wagner, 1964, p. 86-87; Del Tedesco, Mary Macino. The Franciscan: Cardinal-Bishop Diomede Falconio, September 20, 1842-February 7, 1917. New York, Vantage Press 1972; LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des évêques catholiques du Canada. les diocèses catholiques canadiens des Églises latine et orientales et leurs évêques; repères chronologiques et biographiques, 1658-2002. 2nd edition. Ottawa : Wilson & Lafleur, 2012. (Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), pp. 183-187; Pieta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 10, 21 and 23; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, p. 73, 333 and 334; Sanfilippo, M. "Diomede Falconio et l'Église Catholique en Amérique du Nord." Rivista di Studi Canadesi, 1992, 43-47.

Webgraphy. His portrait and biography, in English, Wikipedia; his portrait and biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; his portrait by Thomas Eakins, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., United States of America; his arms, Araldica Vaticana; Il Cardinale Falconio: pastore, diplomatico, religioso by Marco Mancini, Città del Vaticano, 08 febbraio, 2022 / 2:00 PM.

(1) In 1897, it merged with the Order of Friars Minor.
(2) Pope Leo XIII had insisted on these conditions in his apostolic letter to the American hierarchy Quam aerumnosa of December 10, 1888, but the document had had little effect.
(3) This is the text of his epitaph, composed by Fr. Pellegrino Paoli, transcribed from Del Tedesco, The Franciscan: Cardinal-Bishop Diomede Falconio, p. 117:

Birth. January 9, 1847, Agugliano, diocese of Ancona, Italy. Received the sacrament of confirmation, August 1, 1852.

Education. Studied and resided at Collegio Capranica, Rome; and at the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, where he obtained doctorates in philosophy, theology and utroque iure, both canon and civil law.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 20, 1873, Ancona. Further studies, 1873-1876. Pastoral ministry in diocese of Rome, 1876-1877. Secretary of the nunciature in Spain, 1877-1880. Secretary of the apostolic delegation in Constantinople, 1880-1883. Auditor of the nunciature in France, 1883-1887. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, May 25, 1886. Auditor of the nunciature in Spain, 1887-1893. Auditor of the nunciature in Portugal, 1893-1897. Named apostolic delegate and extraordinary legate to Colombia, November 24, 1897 (1).

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Filippi, December 22, 1897. Consecrated, January 9, 1898, Collegio Capranica, Rome, by Cardinal Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro, secretary of State, assisted by Cesare Sambucetti, titular archbishop of Corinto, and by Antonio Sardi, bishop of Anagni. Nuncio in Belgium, February 4 (2), 1904. Nuncio in Spain, with faculties of legate a latere, October 21 (3), 1907.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the title of S. Callisto, December 2, 1912. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 22, 1915 until December 4, 1916. Pro-prefect of the S.C. of Rites, February 11, 1915. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Porto e Santa Rufina, December 6, 1915. Prefect of the S.C. of Rites, July 8, 1918. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Papal legate to the Eucharistic Congress, Aquila, Italy, August 16, 1923; to the celebrations in honor of Little Flower, Lisieux, France, September 15, 1925.

Death. February 25, 1929, of influenza, Rome. Buried, church of the Santissimo Sacramento, in Agugliano, in a chapel beside the Holy Crucifix (4).

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1922, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1921, p. 78; Daniel, Charles; Paul-Marie Baumgarten; Antoine de Waal. Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église. Paris : Plon, 1900, p. 685; De Marchi, Giuseppe. Le nunziature apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956. Pref. di Antonio Samoré. Roma : Edizioni di Storia e letteratura, 1957, pp. 65, 98 and 240; "Liste des cardinaux par order alphabétique." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1922, Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1922, p. 104; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 10, 21 and 22; Restrepo Posada, José. "Galeria de representantes de la Santa Sede en Colombia." Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Historia Eclesiástica, V (January-June, 1970), 219-221; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, p. 453.

Webgraphy. Images and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

(1) This is according to De Marchi, Le nunziature apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956, p. 98; and Restrepo, "Galeria de representantes de la Santa Sede en Colombia." Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Historia Eclesiástica, p. 219; Daniel, Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église, p. 685, says that he was named titular archbishop of Filippi and named apostolic delegate on December 24, 1897; "Liste des cardinaux par order alphabétique." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1922, 104, indicates that he was named in November 1898, without mentioning the day; and Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 453, indicates that he was named on March 31, 1898.
(2) This is according to De Marchi, Le nunziature apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956, p. 65; and Restrepo, "Galeria de representantes de la Santa Sede en Colombia." Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Historia Eclesiástica, p. 219; "Liste des cardinaux par order alphabétique." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1922, p. 104; Pięta, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IX, 10; and Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 453, indicate that he was named on January 28, 1904.
(3) This is according to De Marchi, Le nunziature apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956, p.240; and Restrepo, "Galeria de representantes de la Santa Sede en Colombia." Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Historia Eclesiástica, p. 219; and ięta, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IX, 10; "Liste des cardinaux par order alphabétique." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1922, p. 104; and Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 453, indicate that he was named on October 22, 1907.
(4) This is the text of the inscription on his vault, kindly provided by Mr. Eman Bonnici, from Malta

Birth. April 10, 1851, at Largo Santa Maria degli Angeli, 7, Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Son of Angelo Granito, fourth marquis of Castellabate, and Paolina Francesca Pignatelli e Aymerich, seventh princess di Belmonte and ninth duchess of Acerenza. He was baptized on the same day of his birth in the parish of San Marco di Palazzo in Santa Maria degli Angeli of Pizzofalcone. Received the sacrament of confirmation, September 6, 1871.

Education. He frequented the Collegio of the Canons Regular of the Lateran in Piedigrotta and later the Collegio Mondragone of Frascati between 1865 and 1868, he earned a baccalaureate in philosophy from the Collegio Romano and studied violin and painting in the studio of Giovanni Siciliano di Rende. Studying with private tutoris in Naples, he obtained a doctorate in theology. Adscribed to the Neapolitan clergy, March 2, 1878.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 7, 1879, cathedral of Naples, by Cardinal Guglielmo Sanfelice d'Acquavilla, O.S.B.Cas., archbishop of Naples. Secretary to the cardinal archbishop of Naples, 1879-1886. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, April 4, 1884. Editor of La Libertá Cattolica, Naples, 1886-1891. Canon and archdiocesan official of Naples, 1891-1892. Staff member of the S.C. for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, 1892. In 1893, he was named ablegato to deliver the red biretta to the two new Cardinals Victor-Lucien-Sulpice Lécot and Joseph-Chrétien-Ernest Bourret of France. Attaché in the nunciature in France, 1893-1896. Member of the papal mission to the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, 1896; to the 60th anniversary of Queen Victoria of Great Britain, 1897. Auditor of Cardinal Guglielmo Sanfelice D'Acquavilla, O.S.B.Cas., archbishop of Naples; later, pro-secretary of the archiepiscopal visitations. Counselor of the nunciature in France, 1897-1899; chargé d'affaires, 1899.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Edessa di Osrhoëne, November 17, 1899. Consecrated, November 26, 1899, chapel of the Sisters of S. Anna, in via Merulana, Rome, by Cardinal Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro, secretary of State, assisted by Casimiro Gennari, titular archbishop of Lepanto, assessor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, and by Carlo Caputo, titular archbishop of Nicomedia. Nuncio to Belgium, December 5, 1899. Special papal envoy to the funeral of Queen Victoria of Great Britain, 1901. Nuncio to Austria-Hungary, with faculties of legate a latere, January 15, 1904. Resigned nunciature, January 6, 1911. Special papal envoy to the coronation of King George V of Great Britain, June 1911.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria degli Angeli, November 30, 1911. Decorated with the grand cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefan, 1911. Named papal legate to the International Eucharistic Congress of Lourdes, France, July 12, 1914. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Albano, December 6, 1915. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, December 4, 1916 until March 10, 1919. Papal legate to the celebrations in honor of Sainte-Jeanne d'Arc, Orléans, France, May 8, 1921. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Papal legate to the National Eucharistic Congress, Palermo, Italy, August 6, 1924. Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, February 25, 1929. Opted for the suburbicarian see of Ostia, proper of the dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, retaining the suburbicarian see of Albano, July 9, 1930. Prefect of the S.C. Ceremonial, July 14, 1930. Named legate a latere to the opening of the Holy Door at the basilica of San Paolo fuori le mura, Rome, March 13, 1933; to its closing, March 5, 1934. Grand prior of the Sovereign Order of Malta in Roma from 1937 until his death. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII. He was protector of numerous religious orders and congregations, among them the Discalced Augustinians, the Friars Minor (Franciscans), the Hermits of St. Augustine and the Friars Minor Capuchins.

Death. February 16, 1948, at 10:13 a.m., of a bladder ailment complicated by old age, in his simply furnished apartment in the historic Vatican house of Santa Marta. His funeral was celebrated at the altar of Saints Processus and Martinian in the patriarchal Vatican basilica. The final absolution was imparted by Pope Pius XII. Buried in the Torre dei Cappuccini, tomb of the Capuchin friars in Campo Verano Cemetery, Rome (1). At his death, he was the oldest member of the Sacred College of Cardinals. Last surviving cardinal of Pope St. Pius X.

Bibliography. Ilario da Teano. Il cardinale Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte. Teano : D'Amico, 1957; Squicciarini, Donato. Nunzi apostolici a Vienna. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1998, p. 239-241.

Webgraphy. Biography by Stefano Trinchese, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 58 (2002), Treccani; biography by Ekkart Sauser, in German, Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon; portrait and biography, in English, Pignatelli; his portrait, photographs and arms, Araldica Vaticana; I Decani del Sacro Collegio: il Cardinale Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte by Marco Mancini, ACI Stampa, Città del Vaticano, 19 agosto, 2021 / 2:00 PM.

(1) This is the text of the inscription on his vault, kindly provided by Mr. Eman Bonnici, from Malta:

Birth. April 20, 1842, Newton-Hamilton, archdiocese of Armagh, Ireland. Son of Philip Farley and Catherine Murphy; she was a native of Moyles in the parish of Monaghan and Rackwallace.

Education. St. MacCartan's College, Minor Seminary for the Diocese of Clogher, Monaghan (he studied in the college due to the generosity of an uncle, Patrick Murphy, who had emigrated to New York; the uncle manifested his express wish that John be educated for the priesthood in the archdiocese of New York); at St, John's College, Fordham, New York, United States of America; at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, New York; at the North American College, Rome; and at the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 11, 1870, Rome, by Cardinal Costantino Patrizi, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina, vicar general of Rome. Following his ordination, he returned briefly to Monaghan to visit his family, while en route to New York; he subsequently visited Monaghan again in August 1892 for the dedication of St Macartan's cathedral and again in 1906 and 1909. Assistant rector of St. Peter's, New Brighton, Staten Island, New York, 1870-1872; 1884-1902. Privy chamberlain, 1884. Secretary to Archbishop John McCloskey of New York, future cardinal, 1872-1884; accompanied the cardinal to the conclave of 1878 but they arrived after the election of Pope Leo XIII had taken place. Pastor of St. Gabriel, New York, 1884. Attended the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, 1884. Vicar general of the archdiocese of New York, 1891-1902. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, April 8, 1892. Protonotary apostolic, 1894.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Zeugma and appointed auxiliary of New York, November 18, 1895. Consecrated, December 21, 1895, New York, by Michael Augustine Corrigan, archbishop of New York, assisted by Charles Edward McDonnell, bishop of Brooklyn, and by Henry Gabriels, bishop of Ogdensburg. Administrator of the archdiocese of New York after the death of Archbishop Michael Augustine Corrigan on May 5, 1902. Promoted to the metropolitan see of New York, September 15, 1902 (1). Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, 1905.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria sopra Minerva, November 30, 1911. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV.

Death. September 17, 1918, at 9:17, p.m., in his country home at Orienta Point, Mamaroneck, New York, after an illness lasting six weeks, which had left him mostly unconscious. Buried, St. Patrick's metropolitan cathedral, New York (2).

Bibliography. Bransom, Charles N. Ordinations of U. S. Catholic bishops 1970-1989. A chronological list. Washington, D.C. : National Conference of Catholic Bishops ; United States Catholic Conference, 1990, p. 50; Code, Bernard. Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964). New York : Joseph F. Wagner, 1964, p. 87; Duffy, Joseph. Monaghan Cathedral. Dublin : Eason & Son Ltd., 1992. (Variation: Irish heritage series (Dublin, Ireland) ; 72); Hayes, Patrick Joseph. John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York. [s.l. : s.n.], 1912; Lavelle, M.J. "John Cardinal Farley, archbishop of New York." American Ecclesiastical Review, LX (1919), 113-125; Pieta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 11 and 23; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 407 and 603; St. Macartan's College, 1840-1990 : a history. Corporate author: Saint Macartan's College (Clogher, Northern Ireland). Monaghan : St. Macartan's College, 1990; St Macartans Seminary Centenary Souvenir 1940. Dogheda : Drogheda Independent Co Ltd, 1940.

Webgraphy. Biography, in English; biography, in English, in "Archdiocese of New York, III. The Hierarchy, section G; his arms, Araldica Vaticana.

(1) He was known to take daily walks with one of his priests down Madison or Fifth Avenue, noting, "A man never collects his thoughts so well as when he walks alone or with a congenial spirit."
(2) This is the text of the inscription on his vault, kindly provided by Mr. Eman Bonnici, from Malta:

Birth. March 23, 1861, Claphan, diocese of Southwark, England. Son of Henry Bourne, a convert, who worked as a clerk for the Post Office, and Ellen Byrne, from Ireland, who was the daughter of a Dublin merchant. His baptismal name was Francis Alphonsus.

Education. Studied at St. Cuthbert College, Ushaw, Durham, 1867; at St. Edmund's Seminary, Ware, 1877; joined the Order of Preachers (Dominicans) but left in 1880; continued his formation at St. Thomas' Seminary, Hammersmith, 1880-1881; at Saint-Sulpice Seminary, Paris, 1881; and at the University of Louvain, Belgium, 1883.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 11, 1884, Clapham. Pastoral ministry in the parishes of Blackheath, Mortlake and West Grinstead, diocese of Southwark, 1884-1889. Rector of the House of Studies, Henfield Place, 1889-1891. Faculty member of St. John's Seminary, Wonersh, 1891-1896; rector, March 14, 1896. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, 1895.

Bishop. Elected titular bishop of Epifania and appointed coadjutor, with right of succession, of Southwark, March 27, 1896. Consecrated, May 1, 1896, at the cathedral of Saint George, Southwark, by Cardinal Herbert Vaughan, archbishop of Westminster, assisted by John Baptist Butt, bishop of Southwark, and by Thomas Whiteside, bishop of Liverpool. Succeeded to the see of Southwark, April 9, 1897. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Westminster, September 11, 1903.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the title of S. Pudenziana, November 30, 1911. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Papal legate to the centennial celebrations honoring St. Joan of Arc, Rouen, France, May 1931. Papal legate to the dedication of St. Mary's Abbey, Buckford, England, August 7, 1932. During his episcopate, the Education Question at the beginning of the 20th century happened; as well as the Modernist Crisis; the First World War (1914-1918); the Irish Troubles and Treaty (1922-1923); the Catholic response to the emergence of the Labour Party; the General Strike in May 1926; and the increasing menace of the European dictators in Germany and Italy.

Death. January 1, 1935, at 12:05 a.m., in his residence in Westminster, London, after a cardiac related illness which lasted a year. Buried, St. Edmund's College, Ware, Hertford, in the chapel built by him in memory of the members of the College who died during the First World War (1). His heart was deposited in the chapel of St. John's Seminary, Wonersh, in June 1935 (2).

Bibliography. Dingle, Reginald James. Cardinal Bourne at Westminster. London : Burns, Oates & Washbourne, 1934; Oldmeadow, Ernest J. Francis, Cardinal Bourne. 2 vols. London : Burns and Oates, 1940-1944; Vickers, Mark. By the Thames Divided: Cardinal Bourne in Southwark and Westminster. Herefordshire, England : Gracewing, 2013; Walsh, Michael J. The Westminster cardinals : the past and the future. London ; New York : Burns & Oates, 2008, p. 85-109.

Webgraphy. Biography, in English, Encyclopaedia Britannica; portrait and biography, in English, archdiocese of Westminster; biography, in English, New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. II, 241; photographs, Araldica Vaticana; his portrait, by George Charles Beresford, National Portrait Gallery, London, England.

(1) This is the text of the inscripion on his vault, kindly provided by Mr. Eman Bonnici, from Malta:

Birth. January 26, 1841, Hrachovec, archdiocese of Olomouc, Bohemia, Austrian Empire. Received the sacrament of confirmation, 1852.

Education. Studied at the Seminary of Olomouc; and at the Theological Faculty of Olomouc, where he obtained a doctorate in theology on June 30, 1869. Received the insignias of the clerical character on December 14, 1859; the minor orders on December 19, 1860; the subdiaconate on December 20, 1862; and the diaconate on February 28, 1863.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 19, 1863, Olomouc. Further studies, Olomouc, 1863-1869. Cooperator, and later second chaplain in the parish of Wischau, archdiocese of Olomouc, 1863 until February 3, 1865. Faculty member of the Theological Faculty of Olomouc, February 4, 1865; dean, 1869. Faculty member of the University of Prague, September 19, 1873. Rector of the Archiepiscopal Seminary of Prague, 1879.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Brno (Brünn), Moravia, July 3, 1882. Consecrated, August 15, 1882, metropolitan cathedral of Olomouc, by Cardinal Frederick Landgraf von Füstenberg, archbishop of Olomouc, assisted by Gustav von Belript-Tissac, titular bishop of Germaniciana, auxiliary of Olomouc, and by Karol Franz Prucha, titular bishop of Joppe, auxiliary of Prague. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, December 14, 1886. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Olomouc, May 10, 1904. As archbishop of Olomouc he was also prince, duke of Hotzenplote, counselor to the emperor, and senator.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the title of S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni, December 2, 1911. Did not participate in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV, for reasons of health.

Death. November 25, 1915, in Olomouc (1). He received a special blessing from the pope on his deathbed. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral, Olomouc.

Bibliography. Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1922, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1921, p., 64; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 11, and 279.

Webgraphy. Portrait and biography, in Czech, Biskupství brněnské; portrait, arms and biography, in English, Wikipedia; his arms, Kaple Sv. Jana Sarkandera, Olomouc, Waymark; his photograph and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

(1) This is according to Pięta, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IX, 11; Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1922, p. 64, says that he died on November 26, 1915.

(26) 9. AMETTE, Léon-Adolphe
(1850-1920)

Birth. September 6, 1850, Douville, diocese of Evreux, France. Fifth child of Célestine-Léon Amette and Victoire-Adélaide-Elisa Leory; the other siblings were Ambroise, who became a priest; Gabriel, who also became a priest; Hectorine, Ludovica, Marie-Régina and Elise-Marie, who became a nun. He was baptized on the following September 17 in the parish of Douville-sur-Andelle, by tha pastor Father J.-C. Boutelon; his godparents were Ambroise Amette and Léocadie Leory. He received the sacrament of confirmation on October 19, 1861, at the Minor Seminary of Evreux.

Education. Entered the Minor Seminary of Saint-Aquilin, Evreux, on October 2, 1861; went to study at the Seminary of Issy-les-Moulineaux, Paris, in July 1867; entered the Grand Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, Paris in September 1869. He received the subdiaconate on May 25, 1872; and the diaconate on December 21, 1872.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 20, 1873, Paris, by Joseph-Hippolyte Guibert, O.M.I., archbishop of Paris. He celebrated his first Mass on the following day at the chapel of Sacré;-Cœur, in the church of Saint-Sulpice. Pastoral ministry at the cathedral of Evreux and secretary to its bishop, 1873-1889; titular canon, 1884; vicar general, January 22, 1889 until November 28, 1898; vicar capitular at the death of the bishop, 1890.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Bayeux, November 28, 1898. Consecrated, January 25, 1899, cathedral of Evreux, by Cardinal Guillaume Marie Romain Sourrieu, archbishop of Rouen, assisted by François Sueur, archbishop of Avignon, and by Philippe Meunier, bishop of Evreux. Promoted to titular archbishop of Side and appointed coadjutor, with right of succession, of Paris, February 21, 1906. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Paris, January 28, 1908.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the title of S. Sabina, November 30, 1911. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV.

Death. August 29, 1920, suddenly, at 6 a.m., while on vacation at Antony, near Paris. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris. His memorial is in the chapel of Saint Vincent de Paul in that cathedral.

Bibliography. Cordonnier, Charles. Le Cardinal Amette, archevêque de Paris. 2 vols. Paris: Les Editions du Mortainais, 1949.

Webgraphy. His episcopal lineage, in English; his photograph, Araldica Vaticana; his photograph with the Comitée de Secours aux Églises Dévastées.

Birth. December 8, 1859, Lowell, archdiocese of Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America. Youngest of the eleven children of John O'Connell, a textile mill laborer, and Bridget Farrelly; both were Irish immigrants.

Education. Studied at Saint Charles Seminary College, Ellicott City, Maryland, 1879; left the seminary and entered Boston College, Boston (graduated in 1881, first honors in philosophy and physics); resumed his studies for the priesthood and was sent to the North American College, Rome, studying at the Pontifical Urban Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome (because of illness had to leave without completing his doctorate).

Priesthood. Ordained, June 7, 1884, Rome, by Cardinal Lucido Maria Marocchi, vicar general of His Holiness. Pastoral ministry in the parishes of St. Joseph, Medford, and St. Joseph, Boston, West End, archdiocese of Boston, 1885-1895. Rector of the North American College, Rome, 1895-1901. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, 1897.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Portland, Maine, May 14, 1901. Consecrated, May 19, 1901, Corsini chapel of the patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome, by Cardinal Francesco Satolli, assisted by Edmund Stonor, titular archbishop of Trapezus (Trebizonda), and by Rafael Merry del Val, titular archbishop of Nicea. The liturgy was directed by Monsignor Francesco Riggi, prefect of Pontifical Ceremonies. After the liturgy, lavish refreshments were served under the arches of basilica's cloister. The United States ambassador to Italy was in attendance, along with his wife and son, as well as various members of the European aristocracy. His episcopal motto was Vigor in arduis. He was installed on July 4, 1901 in the cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Portland. Special papal envoy to Japan, 1905. Special papal envoy to Emperor Mutsuhito of Japan, August 31, 1905; decorated with the Grand Cordon of the Sacred Treasure. Assistant at Pontifical Throne, 1905. Promoted to titular archbishop of Constantia (1) and appointed coadjutor of Boston, with right of succession, February 6, 1906. Succeeded to the archdiocese of Boston, August 31, 1907.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the title of S. Clemente, November 30, 1911. Arrived late to the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Arrived late to the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI; asked the new pope to extend the number of days between the death of the pope and the opening of the conclave (2). Papal legate to the National Convention of Holy Name Society, Washington, D.C., September 23, 1924. Awarded an honorary degree by Harvard University in 1937; he was the first native Catholic prelate to receive such recognition. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII.

Death. April 22, 1944, of pneumonia, in Brighton, Boston. Conscious until the end, he answered the prayers for the dying and gave a final blessing to the faithful members of his household. On April 28, 1944, he was buried in the chapel of the Immaculate Conception which he had constructed on the grounds of the St. John Seminary as his final resting place (3). With the 2007 sale of the seminary and archdiocesan property to his alma mater, Boston College, the chapel then became the college's property. The archdiocese planned to relocate the cardinal's remains to St. Sebastian's School in Needham, which Cardinal O'Connell helped found in 1941. In July 2011 the chapel was razed and the cardinal's body was moved to another section of Boston College property which is nearer to the remaining seminary building, St. John Hall (4).

Bibliography.
-Branson, Charles N. Ordinations of U. S. Catholic bishops 1970-1989. A chronological list. Washington, D.C. : National Conference of Catholic Bishops ; United States Catholic Conference, 1990, p. 55;
-Code, Bernard. Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964). New York : Joseph F. Wagner, 1964, pp. 221-22;
-Golden jubilee of His Eminence, William Cardinal O'Connell, Archbishop of Boston, 1884-1934. Cambridge, Mass. : Riverside Press, 1935;
-O'Connell, William Henry. Recollections of seventy years. Boston ; New York : Houghton Mifflin Co. 1934;
-O'Connell, William Henry. Reminiscences of twenty-five years, 1901-1926. Boston : Pilot Pub. Co., 1926;
-O'Leary, Robert Aidan. William Henry Cardinal O'Connell : a social and intellectual biography. Dissertation: Thesis (Ph. D.)--Tufts University, 1980; Reproduction: Photocopy. Ann Arbor, Mich. : University Microfilms International, 1982;
-O'Toole, James M. Militant and Triumphant: William Henry O'Connell and the Catholic Church in Boston, 1859-1944. Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press, 1992;
-Pieta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 11, 22, 90 and 139;
-Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, p. 464;
-Sexton, John E. Cardinal O'Connell : a biographical sketch, souvenir of the silver jubilee of his episcopate. Boston : Pilot Pub. Co., 1926;
-Wayman, Dorothy G. Cardinal O'Connell of Boston. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Young, 1955;
-Slawson, Douglas J. Ambition and Arrogance. Cardinal William O'Connell of Boston and the American Catholic Church. Cobalt Productions, 2007.

Webgraphy. His portrait and biography, in English. diocese of Portland; "Number One" The man who set the style for America's bishops, article from Boston College Magazine, Winter 2003; The Cardinal of Repression, book review of "Militant and Triumphant: William Henry O'Connell and the Catholic Church in Boston, 1859-1944", by James Carroll, published in The Atlantic Monthly; July 1992; Volume 270, No. 1; pp. 90-95; photographs and arms, Araldica Vaticana (the third and fourth photographs are not his); Remains of Cardinal O'Connell reinterred at new location by Antonio M. Enrique, The Boston Pilot, posted: 7/29/2011, Archdiocese of Boston; Misreporting Moving of Tomb, blog Boston Catholic Insider, July 30, 2011; Boston's first cardinal by Thomas Lester, The Boston Pilot, Friday, November 25, 2016; Cardinal O'Connell and the outbreak of WWI by Thomas Lester, The Boston Pilot, Friday, March 31, 2017; The 75th anniversary of Cardinal O'Connell's death by Thomas Lester, The Boston Pilot, Friday, April 26, 2019; Cardinal O’Connell’s Thanksgiving sermon by Thomas Lester, The Boston Pilot, Friday, November 29, 2019; The 'great Marshal of France' visits with Cardinal O'Connell by Violet Hurst, The Boston Pilot, Friday 5th of November 2021; Cardinal O'Connell preaches on 'The True Spirit of Christmas' by Violet Hurst, The Boston Pilot, Friday 17th of December 2021; Cardinal O'Connell preaches on St. Joseph as 'a universal model' by Violet Hurst, The Boston Pilot, Friday 25th of March 2022; Cardinal O'Connell's race to attend the conclave of 1922 by Violet Hurst, The Boston Pilot, Friday 22nd of April 2022, with audio.

(1) This see is also called Tomi.
(2) In response, the pope issued the motu proprio Cum proxime, dated March 1, 1922, by which he ordered that the conclave should begin fifteen days after the death of the Roman Pontiff and empowered the College of Cardinals to extend this period to eighteen days if they considered it necessary.
(3) An article in The Boston Globe describes the place of burial: "in a small chapel, on a hill situated well away from the major buildings, with two statues of lions in front of it. There is no plaque or any other wording there to identify it." In reality, there was no exterior marking but looking inside of the chapel there was a five foot long, two and a half foot wide lengthy summary of Cardinal O'Connell's life and accomplishments -- all in splendid Ciceronian Latin written by his secretary, John Joseph Wright, himself later a cardinal (1969). Both men graduated from Boston College.
(4) There had been a lengthy litigation between the O'Connell family (opposed to exhumation) against both the archdiocese and Boston College. The family finally agreed to his exhumation only on condition that the archdiocese of Boston and Boston College honor the cardinal's wish to be buried at his seminary. The seminary is on land now surrounded by the much larger parcel sold by the archdiocese to the college to pay for the sexual abuse settlements. Hence, the little chapel was destroyed and the bronze coffin, weighing one ton, was reinterred in a landscaped courtyard of the seminary itself. It will remain there and not be moved to St. Sebastian's school in the suburbs.

(28) 11. ALMARAZ Y SANTOS, Enrique
(1847-1922)

Birth. September 22, 1847, La Vellés, diocese of Salamanca, Spain. Son of Juan Antonio Almaraz, a school teacher in La Vellés; in Gomecello; and finally, in Salamanca. Received the sacrament of confirmation, July 13, 1856.

Education. Studied at the Central Seminary of Salamanca, where he obtained a doctorate in theology in 1876; and a licentiate in canon law.

Priesthood. Ordained, in 1874, Salamanca. Pastoral ministry in diocese of Salamanca. Faculty member of the Seminary of Salamanca; canon schoolmaster at cathedral of Salamanca, 1874; secretary of the cathedral chapter. Privy chamberlain. Named preacher of the Royal Chamber, Madrid, by King Alfonso XII. Archpriest of the cathedral chapter of Madrid. Secretary to the bishop of Madrid-Alcalá. Faculty member of Seminary of Madrid. Vicar capitular of Madrid, April 1886 (1). Dean of cathedral chapter of Madrid, 1891.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Palencia, January 19, 1893. Consecrated, April 16, 1893, cathedral of San Isidro, Madrid, by Ciriaco María Sancha Hervás, archbishop of Valencia, assisted by José María Cos y Macho, archbishop-bishop of Madrid, and by Jaime Cardona y Tur, titular bishop of Sion, pro-military vicar general. Senator of the Spanish kingdom from the archdiocese of Burgos, 1899-1902. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Sevilla, April 18, 1907. Senator of the Spanish kingdom, November 1907 until his death. Decorated with the Grand Cross of Carlos III. Named adoptive son of Sevilla, Palencia and Puerto de Santa María.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the title of S. Pietro in Montorio, December 2, 1912. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Transferred to the primatial see of Toledo, December 16, 1920.

Death. January 22, 1922 (2), on the same day as Pope Benedict XV, in Madrid. Buried, according to his will, in front of the chapel of Santa Teresa in the metropolitan cathedral of Toledo.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti", Annuario Pontificio per l'anno 1926, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1926, p. 63; Echeverría, Lamberto de. Episcopologio español contemporáneo, 1868-1985 : datos biográficos y genealogía espiritual de los 585 obispos nacidos o consagrados en España entre el 1 de enero de 1868 y el 31 de diciembre de 1985 . Salamanca : Universidad de Salamanca, 1986. (Acta Salmanticensia; Derecho; 45), p. 58; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, p. 435-436; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 11, 24, 200 and 372.

Webgraphy. Biography by Vicente Cárcel Ortí, in Spanish, Diccionario Biográfico Español, DB~e; his photograph, Araldica Vaticana; Los Arzobispos de Toledo, in Spanish, archdiocese of Toledo, Spain.

(1) Narciso Martínez Izquierdo , first bishop of Madrid-Alcalá, was assassinated in his cathedral on April 19, 1886, by a deranged priest.
(2) This is according to "Cardinali defunti", Annuario Pontificio per l'anno 1926, p. 63; Echeverría, Episcopologio español contemporáneo, 1868-1985, p. 58; and Pięta, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi, IX, 11, 24 and 372. Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi, VIII, p. 436, says that he died on January 23, 1922.

Birth. February 16, 1845, Soye, archdiocese of Besançon, France. Son of Henri-Gabriel Dubillard and Anne-Françoise Fournier. Received the sacrament of confirmation, July 4, 1857.

Education. Studied at the Seminary of Vesoul; and at the Seminary of Besançon; he earned a doctorate in theology in Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 5, 1869, Besançon. Pastoral ministry in the archdiocese of Besançon, 1869-1872. Professor of dogmatic theology, Seminary of Besançon, 1872-1887; rector, 1881-1890. Honorary vicar general of Besançon, 1882-1890; vicar general, 1890-1899.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Quimper, December 14, 1899. Consecrated, February 24, 1900, metropolitan cathedral of Besançon, by Fulbert Petit, archbishop of Besançon, assisted by Pierre-Marie Ardin, archbishop of Sens, and by Charles Theuret, bishop of Monaco. His episcopal motto was Me Adjuva Deus. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Chambéry, December 16, 1907.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the title of S. Susanna, November 30, 1911. Did not participate in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV, because of poor health.

Death. December 1, 1914, Chambéry. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Chambéry.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 271-272.

Webgraphy. His arms, portrait and engraiving, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. November 26, 1855, Vienna, Austria, Austrian Empire. Son of Leopold Nagl, a doorman, and Barbara Kloiber. Received the sacrament of confirmation June 21, 1865.

Education. Studied at the Seminary ot Krems; at the Seminary of Sankt Pölten from 1874 to 1878; and at the University of Vienna, where he earned a doctorate in theology on March 10, 1883.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 14, 1878, Vienna. Pastoral ministry in the archdiocese of Vienna, 1878-1882. Chaplain of S. Maria dell' Anima, Austrian church in Rome, 1882-1883. Professor of philosophy and exegesis, Seminary of Sankt Pölten, 1883-1885. Chaplain at the Imperial Court, Vienna, 1885-1887. Spiritual director of the Augustinianum College, Vienna, 1887-1889. Rector of S. Maria dell'Anima, Rome, 1889-1902. Protonotary apostolic ad instar participantium, March 9, 1893. Canon of the cathedral chapter of Vienna.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Trieste and Capodistria, June 2, 1902. Consecrated, June 15, 1902, church of S. Maria dell'Anima, Rome, by Cardinal Gaetano Aloisi Masella, assisted by Felix Marie de Neckere, titular archbishop of Melitene, economous and secretary of the Reverend Fabric of St. Peter's basilica, and by Giustino Adami, titular archbishop of Cesarea del Ponto. Promoted to the titular see of Tiro and appointed coadjutor of Vienna, with right of succession, January 19, 1910. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Vienna, August 5, 1911.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the title of S. Marco, December 2, 1912. Counselor to Emperor Franz Josef and member of the Chamber of Lords and of the Landtag.

Death. February 4, 1913, Vienna. Buried, metropolitan cathedral, Vienna.

Bibliography. Hartmann, Gerhard. "Nagl, Franz Xaver (1855-1913)." Die Bischöfe der deutschsprachigen Länder, 1785/1803 bis 1945 : ein biographisches Lexikon. Herausgegeben von Erwin Gatz. Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 1983, pp. 526-528; Loidl, Franz. Franz Xaver Kardinal Nagl : Erzbischof-Koadjutor (1910/11) u. Fürsterzbischof (1911/13) v. Wien. Wien : Erzbischöfliche Ordinariatskanzlei, 1967. Note: Aus: Beiträge zur Wiener Diözesangeschichte. 1965-1967; Saurer, Edith. Die politischen Aspekte der österreichischen Bischofsernennungen, 1867-1903. Anhang: Die Wiener Erzbischöfe Nagl und Piffl. Wien, München : Herold, 1968. (Forschungen zur Kirchengeschichte Österreichs, Bd. 6). Notes : Based on the author's thesis, Vienna, 1966.

Webgraphy. His photograph, portraits and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. August 30, 1830, Beaucaire, diocese of Nîmes, France. He was the youngest of the four children of Marquis Eugène de Cabrières and Yvonne-Guillemette Du Vivier de Fay-Solignac. The other siblings were Artus, François-Marie Humbert and Raymond. His first name is also listed as Anatole-François-Marie; and his last name as de Cabrières only.

Education. Initial studies at home under a private tutor, M. Paccalin; Collège de l'Assomption, Nîmes; Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, Paris. Received the diaconate on December 28, 1852.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 25, 1853, bishop's chapel, Nîmes, by Jean-François-Marie Cart, bishop of Nîmes. From 1853 to 1874, pastoral ministry in diocese of Nîmes; director of the Minor Seminary of Nîmes; director of Collège de l'Assomption, 1855-1859; honorary canon, January 26, 1859; secretary to Bishop Claude-Henri Plantier of Nîmes, November 1859; and honorary vicar general, January 5, 1864. On January 21, 1871, he was named, by ministerial decree, titular canon of the chapter of Nîmes. He collaborated with articles in Reuve Catholique du Languedoc, Annales catholiques du Midi and Semaine religieuse de Nîmes et du diocese, among other publications.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Montpellier, January 16, 1874. Consecrated, March 19, 1874, cathedral of Nîmes, by Claude-Henri Plantier, bishop of Nîmes, assisted by Julien Meirieu, bishop of Digne, and by Gaspard Mermillod, titular bishop of Ebron, auxiliary of Lausanne et Genève. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, April 27, 1875 and June 23, 1890. Granted the right to use the pallium, July 15, 1890. During the national crisis of the separation of the state and the church, 1905-1906, his role went beyond the borders of his diocese. He sympathized with and supported Action Française.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria della Vittoria, November 30, 1911. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. During the First World War, he was one of the major artisans of Union Sacrée. The king of the Belgians bestowed on him the grand cross of the Ordre de la Couronne on August 9, 1919. Named chevalier of the Lágion d'Honneur, July 14, 1921.

Death. December 21, 1921, at 6:30 a.m., of pulmonary congestion, Montpellier. The funeral mass was celebrated by Cardinal Louis-Joseph Maurin, archbishop of Lyon. The body of the late cardinal was buried in the chapel of St. Vincent de Paul in the cathedral of Montpellier. At his death, he was the oldest member of the Sacred College of Cardinals.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 477-478; Cholvy, Gérard. Le cardinal de Cabrières (1830-1921); un siècle d'histoire de la France. Paris, Éditions du Cerf, 2007; Janvier, Marie-Albert. Le cardinal de Cabrières; éloge funèbre prononcé à la cathédrale de Montpellier le 31 janvier 1922. Paris : P. Lethielleux, 1922; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 11 and 24; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, p. 394; Rovérié de Cabrières, François-Marie-Anatole de. Le Cardinal Cabrières. Paris : Le Bonne Presse, 1944.

Webgraphy. His photograph, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. March 20, 1856, Veroli, Italy.

Education. Studied at the Seminary of Tivoli; and at the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, Rome, from 1879. Obtained a doctorate in theology.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 20, 1878 (1). Canon and archdeacon of the cathedral chapter of Veroli, 1878-1884. Privy chamberlain de numero participantium, December 20 (2), 1884. Canon of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, Rome, September 28 (3), 1889. Domestic prelate and master of papal chamber, May 29, 1901; reappointed, August 6, 1903. Protonotary apostolic ad instar participantium, June 13, 1901. Prefect of the pontifical domus, December 14, 1905. Commander of the Order of the Crown of Prussia; of the Order of Ferdinando IV of Tuscany; and of the Order of the Crown of Siam. Decorated with the medal Pro Ecclesia et Pontifici. He presided over the marriage of Emperor Karl Franz Joseph Habsburg and Zita of Bourbon-Parma on October 21, 1911 (4).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Agata in Suburra, November 30, 1911. Grand prior of the Sovereign Order of Malta, January 2, 1914. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Prefect of the S.C. for Seminaries and Universities (formerly S.C. of Studies) from December 1, 1915 until his death. Protector of the Pontifical North American College, Rome, 1918-1937. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. As cardinal protodiacono, crowned Pius XI on February 12, 1922. Papal legate to the Eucharistic Congress of Friouli, Udine, August 16, 1923; to the Italian Congress of Sacred Music, Vincenza, August 23, 1923; to the National Eucharistic Congress, Fano, 1924; to the foundation of the Seminary of Sassari, August 5, 1925; to the Marian Congress, Cagliari, March 25, 1926; to the Eucharistic Congress, Molfetta, 1926; to the inauguration of the new Seminary of Caglieri, Bosa, September 16, 1927. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and his deaconry was elevated pro illa vice to title, December 17, 1928. President of the Pontifical Commission of Biblical Studies, October 27, 1932. Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Gregorian University and of its Pontifical Biblical Institute and its Oriental Institute, June 21, 1932. President of the Pontifical Biblical Commission, October 27, 1932. Grand chancellor of the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music, October 31, 1932.

Death. August 30, 1937, of pneumonia, Grottaferrata; the funeral took place in the church of S. Ignazio, Rome. Buried in the National Marian Shrine of l'Olivella, Veroli (5).

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1939, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1938, p. 84; Daniel, Charles; Paul-Marie Baumgarten; Antoine de Waal. Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église. Paris : Plon, 1900, p. 678; "Liste des cardinaux par ordre alphabétique." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1936, Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1936, p. 92; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 11 and 25.

Webgraphy. Photographs and medal, Araldica Vaticana.

(1) This is according to "Liste des cardinaux par ordre alphabétique." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1936, p. 92; Daniel, Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église, p. 678, says that he was ordained in November 1878.
(2) This is according to Pięta, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IX, 11; Daniel, Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église, p. 678, says that he was named on December 1, 1884.
(3) This is according to Pięta, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IX, 11; Daniel, Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église, p. 678, says that he was named on October 4, 1889.
(4) The first was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 2004, and the second is being considered at present a candidate for beatification.
(5) This is the inscription on his vault, kindly provided by Mr. Eman Bonnici, from Malta:

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Birth. February 18, 1846, Rome, Papal State (now Italy).

Education. Studied at the Royal University, Rome; and at the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, January 15, 1896, Rome. Assessor and sub-promoter of the faith of the S.C. of Rites, February 3, 1896. Privy chamberlain supernumerario, February 6, 1896. Promotor of the faith, June 4, 1897. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, June 4, 1897. Canon of the patriarchal Liberian basilica, March 28, 1900. Canon of the patriarchal Lateran basilica, June 10, 1900. Auditor of His Holiness, April 22, 1901. Promotor of the faith in the canonization process of Joan of Arc, 1901. Assessor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, January 11, 1902. Canon of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, February 1, 1902. Protonotary apostolic supernumerarium, February 2, 1902. Consultor of the S.C. of Rites, April 18, 1902.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Maria in Portico Campitelli, November 30, 1911.

Death. July 31, 1914, Rome. Buried in Campo Verano cemetery, Rome.

Bibliography. Daniel, Charles; Paul-Marie Baumgarten; Antoine de Waal. Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église. Paris : Plon, 1900, p. 682; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 11 and 26.

Webgraphy. Photograph and portrait, Araldica Vaticana.

(34) 17. POMPILJ, Basilio
(1858-1931)

Birth. April 16, 1858, Spoleto, Italy.

Education. Studied at the Pontifical Roman Seminary.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 5, 1886, Rome. Pastoral ministry in the diocese of Rome, 1888-1904. Auditor of the S.C. of the Council, 1891. Official in the Sacred Apostolic Penitentiary, 1896. Prelate adjunct of the S.C. of the Council, March 16, 1898. Protonotary apostolic, December 18, 1899. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, July 18, 1904. Secretary of the S.C. of the Council, January 31, 1908.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon, November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Maria in Domnica, November 30, 1911. Vicar general of Rome and its district, April 7, 1913.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Filippi, May 5, 1913. Consecrated, May 11, 1913, church of S. Vincenzo de' Paoli alla Bocca della Verità, Rome, by Cardinal Antonio Agliardi, bishop of Albano, assisted by Donato Raffaele Sbarretti, titular archbishop of Efeso, assessor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, and by Americo Bevilacqua, bishop of Alatri. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Maria in Aracoeli, May 25, 1914 (1). Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Archpriest of the patriarchal Lateran basilica, October 28, 1914. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Velletri, March 22, 1917. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Papal legate to the Plenary Council of Umbria, Assisi, Italy, June 15, 1923; to the opening and closing of the Holy Door, patriarchal Lateran basilica, December 24, 1924 and December 24, 1925; to the Eucharistic Congress, Chieti, June 15, 1929. Sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals after July 9, 1930. He was once an athlete.

Death. May 5, 1931, shortly after midnight, Rome. Buried, temporarily, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome. On December 18, 1933, his remains were exhumed from Campo Verano and taken to the nearby basilica of S. Lorenzo fuori le mura, where a funeral service was celebrated by Giuseppe Palica, titular archbishop of Filippi, vicegerent of Rome; the absolution was imparted by Cardinal Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani, vicar general of Rome and its district. The remains were then transferred to Spoleto and buried in its cathedral after a pontifical Mass celebrated by Giovanni Capobianco, titular bishop of Efesto and auxiliary of Spoleto. The funeral monument, of sober lines, is situated in the transept of the cathedral; the sarcophagus of grained stone has an inscription and the arms of the late cardinal in relief.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1935. Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1935, p. 63-64; "Nécrologe." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1932. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1932, p. 917; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 11, 22, 23 and 26.

Webgraphy. Photographs, Araldica Vaticana; 90 anni fa moriva il Cardinale Basilio Pompilj by Marco Mancini, ACI Stampa, Roma, 05 maggio, 2021 / 2:00 PM.

(1) This is according to Pięta, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IX, 11; "Nécrologe." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1932, p. 917, says that he opted on May 28, 1914.

Birth. January 12, 1846, at 6 a.m., Sierck-les-Bains, diocese of Metz, France. Son of Charles Etienne Billot, customs employee, and Henriette Gabrielle Brajeux. He was inscribe with the name Marie-Louis.

Education. Studied at the Seminary of Metz; at the Seminary of Bordeaux; and at the Seminary of Blois.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 22, 1869, Blois. Joined the Society of Jesus, November 25, 1869, Angers; final vows, February 2, 1883, Laval. Pastoral ministry, Paris, 1875-1878; Laval, 1878-1879. Faculty member of the Catholic University of Angers, 1879-1882; of the Jesuit Scholasticate of Ile de Jersey, 1882-1885; of the Pontifical Gregorian University, dogmatic theology, Rome, 1885-1910. Consultor of the Holy Office, June 19, 1909.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Maria in via Lata, November 30, 1911. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. One of the three cardinal presidents of the Pontifical Academy "S. Tommaso", Rome, together with Cardinals Benedetto Lorenzelli and Michele Lega, February 24, 1915. Member of the Pontifical Biblical Commission, February 6, 1923. Due to his sympathy for the movement Action Française, which was condemned by Pope Pius XI, he resigned the cardinalate on September 13, 1927. The resignation was accepted by the pope in a letter of September 21, 1927 and announced to the cardinals in the consistory of December 19, 1927. He was the only cardinal to resign that rank in the 20th century.

Death. December 18, 1931, succumbed to pneumonia, Jesuit Novitiate of Galloro, near Ariccia, province of Rome. Buried, Chapel of the Society of Jesus, Campo Verano Cemetery, Rome.

Bibliography. Bitremieux, Joseph. "Le R.P. Louis Billot." Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses, IX (1932), 292-295. Lebreton, J. "Son Eminence le cardinal Billot." Etudes, IV (1911), 514-525; Le Floch, Henri. Le Cardinal Billot, lumière de la théologie. Paris: Beauchesne, 1947; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 12, 14 and 26.

Webgraphy. Bibliography and biographical data , in German; biography, in English, Wikipedia; photographs and biography by Eman Bonnici, in English, Find a Grave; biography, in French, Wikipedia; biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; his photograph, Araldica Vaticana; Per una teologia al passo con i tempi by Gabriele Nicolò, L'Osservatore Romano, 15 giugno 2020.

Birth. September 3, 1854, Zwolle, Holland. Fom a lower middle class family of barrel-makers. Son of Jan van Rossum and Hendrika Veldwillems. One of his grandfathers was German. By the time he was nine both his parents had died and he was placed in the Catholic orphanage of Zwolle. His first name is also listed as Willem.

Education. Entered the minor seminary of the archdiocese of Utrecht in Culemborg in 1867 and studied there until 1873. Joined the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (Redemptorists), June 15, 1873, Roermond; professed, June 16, 1874, Bois-le-Duc. Received his formation at Redemptorist houses of studies; one of his professors was Petrus Oomen, provincial of the Dutch Redemptorists.

Priesthood. Ordained, October 17, 1879, Wittem. Professor of Latin and rhetoric in Roermond, 1880. Professor of dogmatic theology, Scholasticate of Wittem, 1883-1892; prefect of studies, 1886-1893; rector, 1893-1895. Member of the Redemptorist community of Rome, 1895-1911. Consultor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, December 25, 1896. Counselor to the commission for the codification of canon law, April 15, 1904. General consultor of his congregation, 1909-1911.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Cesareo in Palatio, November 30, 1911. Papal legate to the International Eucharistic Congress, Vienna, Austria, August 15, 1912. Decorated with the grand cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefan, 1912. President of Pontifical Biblical Commission, January 13, 1914. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Grand Penitentiary, October 1, 1915. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme, December 6, 1915. Member of the Pontifical Commission for the Authentic Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law, 1917. Prefect of the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith, March 12, 1918 until his death.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Cesarea in Mauretania, April 25, 1918. Consecrated, May 19, 1918, in the Sistine Chapel, by Pope Benedict XV, assisted by Giovanni Battista Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano, titular archbishop of Tebe, privy almoner of His Holiness, and by Agostino Zampini, O.S.A., titular bishop of Porfireone, sacristan of His Holiness. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, December 11, 1922 until May 23, 1923. Papal legate to the 27th International Eucharistic Congress, Amsterdam, Holland, July 2, 1924; to the Congress of Missionology, Einsiedeln, Switzerland, October 15, 1928. He was known for his rigor and severity and even as a cardinal, he dressed in the simple black habit of his order, allowing only a small strip of red at the collar to indicate his rank.

Death. August 30, 1932, Maastricht, diocese of Roermond, Holland. Buried in the crypt of the Redemptorist church of that city. Seven years later, his remains were placed beneath a monument specifically constructed in his memory in the church itself (1).

Bibliography. Drehmanns, Joseph Maria. Kardinaal van Rossum, korte levensschets. Roermond : J.J. Romen, 1935; Henze, Clemens Maria. Die Redemptoristinnen : Zur 2. Jahrhundertfeier d. Gründg d. Ordens ; Mit e. Schreiben d. Ordensprotektors Wilhelm Marinus Kardinal van Rossum. Bonn : Hofbauer-Verl., 1931; Smit, Jan Olav. Wilhelmus Marinus, Kardinaal van Rossum, een groot mens en wijs bestuurder. Roermond : Romen, 1955; Life with a mission. Cardinal Willem Marinus van Rossum C.Ss.R. (1854-1932). Edited by Genoveva Maria Johanna Poels, Johannes Petrus de Valk and Theodorus Albertus Maria Salemink. Leuven : Trajecta, 2011. (Trajecta,; jrg. 19/20 (2010/2011), no. 1/2). (Table of contents; Introduction).

Webgraphy. Biography, in Dutch, Historici.nl; photographs, portrait, bibliography and biography, in English, cardinalvanrossum.eu; portrait and biography, in English, Wikipedia; portrait and biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; portrait and biography, in German, Wikipedia; photographs, portrait and arms, Araldica Vaticana; A Stranger in the Sacred College of Cardinals: contextual and heuristic problems in investigating Cardinal van Rossum by Vefie Poels and Hans de Valk, Mélanges de l'École française de Rome - Italie et Méditerranée modernes et contemporaines, 128-1 | 2016.

(1) This is the text of the inscription in his monument, kindly provided by Mr. Eman Bonnici, from Malta:

PANICI, Diomede
(1841-1909)

Birth. January 18, 1841 (1), Amaseno, diocese of Ferentino. Brother of quasi Cardinal Agapito Panici.

Education. Obtained a doctorate in theology and in utroque iure, both canon and civil law.

Early life. Domestic prelate of His Holiness. Protonotary apostolic de numero participantium. Voter of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Justice, March 5, 1880. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber, April 19, 1887. Secretary of the S.C. of Rites, October 2, 1896. Canon of the patriarchal Lateran basilica.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Laodicea di Frigia. Consecrated, May 1, 1900, Rome, by Cardinal Francesco Satolli, prefect of the S.C. of Studies, assisted by Edmund Stonor, titular archbishop of Trebisonda, and by Amilcare Tonietti, titular archbishop of Tiana, former bishop of Montalcino. Canon of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, March 22, 1902.

Cardinalate. According to Christoph Weber, Quellen und Studien zur Kurie und zur vatikanischen Politik unter Leo XIII; mit Berücksichtigung der Beziehungen des Hl. Stuhles zu den Dreibundmächten, Pope Pius X planned to create him cardinal but he died before the promotion took place (2).

Death. August 6, 1909, Rome. Buried, chapel of the Lateran Chapter at the Campo Verano Cemetery of Rome, next to his brother Agapito.

Bibliography. "Archêques et évéques titulaires." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1907. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1907, p. 318; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, p. 332: Weber, Christoph. Quellen und Studien zur Kurie und zur vatikanischen Politik unter Leo XIII; mit Berücksichtigung der Beziehungen des Hl. Stuhles zu den Dreibundmächten. Tübingen, M. Niemeyer, 1973. (Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Intituts in Rom, Bd.45), p. 244, note 206.

Webgraphy. Biographical chronology, in English, catholic-hierarchy.com; biography, in German, Wikiepdia.

(1) Archêques et évéques titulaires." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1907, p. 318; and the biographical chronologies linked above; Riztler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 332, says that he was born on February 18, 1841.
(2) This is according to Weber, Quellen und Studien zur Kurie und zur vatikanischen Politik unter Leo XIII, p. 244, note 4, says that Monsignor Agapito was on the way to the cardinalate but that before naming him, Pope Leo XIII asked his brother Diomede to renounce the red hat; when Agapito died in 1902, before the pope could create him a cardinal, the pope told Diomede that he would ignore the document he had signed renouncing the cardinalate.

©1998-2023 Salvador Miranda.