(4) 1. BOBONI, Andrea (?-ca. 1190)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria in the consistory celebrated in mid-1182 (1). Subscribed papal bulls issued between August 1182 and May 13, 1184; and between April 22, 1186 and February 5, 1187; in a bull dated April 22, 1186, his name is mistakenly listed as Probus. Participated in the papal election of 1185, in which Pope Urban III was elected. In 1187, the pope sent him, along with Cardinal Soffredo, to France to promote the peace between King Henry II of England and King Philippe II of France. Participated in the first papal election of 1187, in which Pope Gregory VIII was elected. Participated in the second papal election of 1187, in which Pope Clement III was elected. As legate in France of Pope Urban III and Clement II, he worked between 1187 and 1188 to obtain the peace between Kings Philippe II of France and Henry II of England. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Anastasia in March 1188. Subscribed papal bulls issued between March 28, 1188 and May 18, 1189. Vicar of Rome in 1188.

Episcopate. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Porto e Santa Rufina in 1189. Consecrated (no information found). Subscribed papal bulls issued between June 6 and September 12, 1189.

Death. Ca. 1190, Rome. Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 144-145; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, I, col.1115 ; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1928, p. 151; Kartusch, Elfriede. Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181-1227 ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kardinalates im Mittelalter. Dissertation: Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Wien, 1948, p. 106, n. 18; Tillmann, Helene. "Ricerche sull'origine dei membri del collegio cardenalizio nel XII secolo. II/2. Identificazione dei cardinali del secolo XII di provenienza Romana." Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, XXIX (July-December, 1975), 372-374.

(1) This is according to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928, p. 151; Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, I, pt. 2, 142; Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, I, col. 1114; and Tillmann, "Ricerche sull'origine dei membri del collegio cardenalizio nel XII secolo. II/2. Identificazione dei cardinali del secolo XII di provenienza Romana." Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, p. 372, say that he was created cardinal in December 1182.

(5) 2. OTTAVIANO (?-1206)

Early life. Apostolic subdeacon. Legate in France to convoke the bishops to the Third Council of Lyon in 1179.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco in the consistory celebrated in mid-1182 (2). Subscribed papal bulls issued between August 1182 (3)and May 13, 1184; April 12, 1186 and October 13, 1187; October 31 and December 11, 1187; December 23, 1187 and May 18, 1189. Participated in the papal election of 1185, in which Pope Urban III was elected. In the fall of 1186, he went to France to mediate in a religious dispute in Le Mans. Legate in England for the coronation of Prince John of England, son of King Henry II, as king of Ireland; in the meantime, the king had abandoned the project of having his son crowned and sent the legate to King Philippe II Auguste of France to discourage him from becoming the guardian of the presumed heir of the duchy of Normandy . In mid-February 1187, the legate and King Henry II were in Flanders; they met with King Philip II on April 5; the monarchs could not agree on a ceasefire and the hostilities began. Cardinal Ottaviano traveled to the south and sought internal reforms in the Order of Grandmont. Later, he went to Paris and solved the dispute between two churches in the French capital. Then he went back to Italy and in August 1187, he was at the Curia. Legate in Umbria, with Cardinal Gerardo Allucingoli, before Corrado, duke of Spoleto. Legate in Sicily to obtain from Empress Costanza the oath of vassal of the Sicilian kingdom. Legate in Normandy; on his return, he was taken prisoner by Corrado, duke of Spoleto. When King Richard I of England arrived in Ostia, the pope sent Cardinal Ottaviano to represent him. Participated in the first papal election of 1187, in which Pope Gregory VIII was elected. Participated in the second papal election of 1187, in which Pope Clement III was elected.

Episcopate. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Ostia and Velletri on February 22 (or on May 31), 1189. Consecrated (no information found). Subscribed papal bulls issued between June 6, 1189 and February 17, 1191; May 2, 1191 and December 3, 1197; and March 13, 1198 and November 8, 1205. Vicar of Rome after 1190. Participated in the papal election of 1191, in which Pope Celestine III was elected. The new pope sent him as legate to France, this time together with Cardinal Giordano di Ceccano, O.Cist.; they had the mission to request English Chancellor William Longchamp (who was the regent of the realm while King Richard I Lionhearted was absent in the crusade) to mediate between the archbishop of Rouen and the followers of King John I Lackland of England; Cardinal Ottaviano was considered to be more sympathetic to the English; when in the spring of 1192 the two legates arrived at the border of Normandy, the Normans refused to let them enter because they assumed there were machinations of the French king behind the legation; Cardinal Ottaviano excommunicated them and imposed an interdict over Normandy; Cardinal Giordano expressed himself against these measures and was banned by the French king from residing in the territory; the pope issued a prohibition to both legates to enter Normandy to avoid further difficulties; Cardinal Ottaviano went to Paris and on to the south east of the kingdom; at the express orders of the pope, the legates lifted of the interdict Ginat Normandy; Cardinal Giordano remained in the legation while Cardinal Ottaviano returned to Italy. Between Lucca and Siena, at the instigation of the emperor or of Marquis Konrad von Lützelahart, the cardinal's party was attacked and robbed and the cardinal himself sequestered him; only after some time he was released. In the great struggle between Pope Celestine III and Emperor Henry VI, he also acted as a papal legate; together with Cardinal Pietro Diana and Cardinal Cencio, the Camerario, he led the decisive negotiations in the autumn of 1197, near Rome; but both the emperor and the pope died within a few months. Participated in the papal election of 1198, in which Pope Innocent III was elected. In the first weeks of the pontificate Pope Innocent III, he was charged, together with Cardinal Gerardo, with obtaining the submission of Duke Corrado of Spoleto to the church's sovereignty. In Narni the legates threatened the duke with excommunication, after which he met the conditions. When the pope went to northern Lazio and Umbria between August and October 1198, Cardinal Ottaviano was left as a vicar in the city of Rome. In the summer of 1199, he was part of a commission, together with Cardinals, Guido de Papa and Ugolino dei conti di Segni, that led the negotiations with Markward von Annweiler at the border between the province of the Patrimonium Petri and the Kingdom of Sicily in Veroli. The legates received the resignation of Markward von Annweiler from the regency and a number of further promises. In the summer of 1200, he was named legate in France before King Philippe Auguste; his mission was the impossible task of reconciling the monarch with his wife, whom he had repudiated; and to at the same, reconcile him with the Guelph branch; he was also to promote the peace between the French and the English kings; and to obtain that the monarchs announce the crusade; he presided over the Council of Soissons; he returned to the Curia in 1201 and remained there until his death. Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1200.

Death. April 5, 1206, (no place found). Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 145-147; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, I, col. 1115-1116; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1928, p. 151; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, p. 3, note 1, no. 1; Kartusch, Elfriede. Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181-1227 ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kardinalates im Mittelalter. Dissertation: Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Wien, 1948, p. 249; Maleczek, Werner. Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216 : die Kardinäle unter Coelestin III. und Innocenz III. Wien : Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1984. (Publikationen des Historischen Instituts beim Österreichischen Kulturinstitut in Rom. I. Abteilung, Abhandlungen ; 6. Bd.; Variation: Publikationen des Österreichischen Kulturinstitut in Rom.; 1. Abteilung ; Abhandlungen ; 6. Bd), p. 80-83; Tillmann, Helene. "Ricerche sull'origine dei membri del collegio cardenalizio nel XII secolo. II/2. Identificazione dei cardinali del secolo XII di provenienza Romana." Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, XXIX (July-December, 1975), 374-376.

(1) He was a cousin of Roman consul Leo de Monumento, who had a decisive role in the election of Pope Clement III; and an uncle of Odo di Poli, from a family for the Roman Campagna, which had already become of one of the families of the city nobility. Ottaviano was proud of the blood relationship with King Philippe II of France, who called Pope Innocent III his blood relative. According to Tillmann, "Ricerche sull'origine dei membri del collegio cardenalizio nel XII secolo. II/2. Identificazione dei cardinali del secolo XII di provenienza Romana." Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, p. 375, in the sources she consulted no allusion whatsoever was found about the blood relationship between the cardinal and Pope Innocent III; and she adds that for that pontiff the vinculum familiaritatis and the glutinum charitatis, represented the type of relationship that connected him with the cardinal. In 1204, the relationship between the pope and the cardinal got closer when a nephew of the cardinal, Odo, married the niece of the pope, daughter of the pontiff's brother, Richard.
(2) This is according to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928, p. 142; Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, I, pt. 2, 142; Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, I, col. 1114; Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, p. 81; and Tillmann, "Ricerche sull'origine dei membri del collegio cardenalizio nel XII secolo. II/2. Identificazione dei cardinali del secolo XII di provenienza Romana." Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, p. 374, say that he was created cardinal in December 1182.
(3) This is according to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928, p. 151; Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, p. 81, says that the first papal bull that he subscribed was dated January 2, 1183.

(6) 3. GERARDO (?-1208)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon of S. Adriano in the consistory celebrated in mid-1182 (1). Subscribed papal bulls issued between August 1182 (2) and May 4, 1184; March 17, 1185 and June 12, 1189; May 2, 1191 and December 3, 1197; and March 13, 1198 and April 19, 1205. From 1184 to 1188, he was vicar of Popes Lucius III and Urban III. Participated in the papal election of 1185, in which Pope Urban III was elected. Participated in the first papal election of 1187, in which Pope Gregory VIII was elected. Participated in the second papal election of 1187, in which Pope Clement III was elected. Participated in the papal election of 1191, in which Pope Celestine III was elected. Rector of the papal enclave of Benevento and curial auditor. Legate in France before the count of Nevers and the abbot of Vezelay.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Lucca in 1195 by the clergy of that city; the pope did not ratify the election because he did not want to deprive himself of the services of the cardinal. Participated in the papal election of 1198, in which Pope Innocent III was elected. In the first weeks of the pontificate of Pope Innocent III, he was charged, together with Cardinal Ottaviano, with obtaining the submission of Duke Corrado of Spoleto to the church's sovereignty; in Narni, the legates threatened the duke with excommunication, after which he met the conditions. At the end of 1198, he was sent, together with Cardinal Giovanni Salerno, O.S.B.Cas., as legate to Terra di Lavoro; the area was controlled by the troops of Markward von Annweiler in Montecassino; the legates were going to return to Rome, when the departure of the Germans was bought by a considerable sum of money. In April 1204, the pope named him spiritual and secular vicar of the Kingdom of Sicily; on the trip to Sicily, he stayed a long time in Terra di Lavoro; in the island, he was able to establish a brief and superficial understanding with Guglielmo Capparone; in 1205, in Catania, he entrusted Bishop Roger of Catania with the consecration of Bishop Madius of Cerenzia; at the beginning of the following year, the legate attended a ceremony in Catania, presided by Bishop Roger, for the installation of Prior Pietro of Santa Maria de Licodia. Probably in the year 1208, the legate was able to reach a compromise between Archbishop Carus of Monreale and the community of a convent; the archbishop, because of a rebellion against him, had excommunicated the community; but the compromise formula created no peace; the document was signed on July 1, 1208.

Death. In the second half of 1208 (3), probably in Sicily. Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 147-148; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, I, col. 1116; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1928, p. 151; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, p. 3, note 1, no. 18; Kartusch, Elfriede. Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181-1227 ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kardinalates im Mittelalter. Dissertation: Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Wien, 1948, p. 138-142; Maleczek, Werner. Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216 : die Kardinäle unter Coelestin III. und Innocenz III. Wien : Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1984. (Publikationen des Historischen Instituts beim Österreichischen Kulturinstitut in Rom. I. Abteilung, Abhandlungen ; 6. Bd.; Variation: Publikationen des Österreichischen Kulturinstitut in Rom.; 1. Abteilung ; Abhandlungen ; 6. Bd), p. 78-79.

(1) This is according to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928, p. 142; Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, I, pt. 2, 142; Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, I, col. 1114; Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, p. 81; and Tillmann, "Ricerche sull'origine dei membri del collegio cardenalizio nel XII secolo. II/2. Identificazione dei cardinali del secolo XII di provenienza Romana." Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, p. 374, say that he was created cardinal in December 1182.
(2) This is according to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928, p. 151; Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, p. 81, says that the first papal bull that he subscribed was dated January 2, 1183.
(3) This is according to Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, p. 79, who also says that the last document subscribed by the cardinal was date July 20, 1208; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928, p. 151, says that he died in 1204.

(7) 4. SOFFREDO (?-1210)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata in the consistory celebrated in mid-1182. Subscribed papal bulls issued between August 1182 and November 11, 1185; December 9, 1185 and February 17, 1187; February 11, 1188 and December 9, 1190; March 2, 1191 and February 26, 1193. Participated in the papal election of 1185, in which Pope Urban III was elected. In 1187, the pope sent him, along with Cardinal Andrea Bobone, to France to promote the peace between King Henry II of England and King Philippe II of France; a two-year ceasefire was reached, although the two armies had faced battle. Participated in the first papal election of 1187, in which Pope Gregory VIII was elected. Participated in the second papal election of 1187, in which Pope Clement III was elected. The peacekeeping mission undertaken by Cardinals Soffredo and Pietro Diana in 1188 to mediate between Pisa and Genoa was also successful. From the end of 1188 until April of the following year, he worked in Lombardy and was able to stop the hostilities between Parma and Piacenza. In 1189, the pope sent him to Germany to the dismissal of the archbishop of Trier and the election of his successor, Johannes. From there he returned in the spring of 1190 back to the Curia. Participated in the papal election of 1191, in which Pope Celestine III was elected. During the pontificate of Pope Celestine III, he spent most of the time in the papal curia and was several times an auditor. In 1193, he obtained a doctorate and the pope promoted him to the order of cardinal priests and with the title of S. Prassede; he cared diligently for his titular church and in 1197, he obtained from the pope permission to place it under the care of the Vallombrosian monks. Subscribed papal bulls issue between March 5, 1193 and December 3, 1197; and March 13, 1198 and December 2, 1208. Participated in the papal election of 1198, in which Pope Innocent III was elected. In the summer of 1198, together with Cardinal Pietro Capuano, he was named legate to the crusade army; Cardinal Capuano was sent, immediately after, to Venice to prepare the crossing.

Episcopate. In 1201, the metropolitan cathedral chapter of Ravenna postulated him as archbishop but the pope refused the promotion because he wanted the cardinal in Rome. Until his departure for the Holy Land, at the end of May 1202, Cardinal Soffredo remained at the Curia and acted as auditor in several causes. After landing in Akkon, he went to Tripoli to end the succession dispute between Bohemond IV of Antioch-Tripoli and King Leo II of Armenia, a conflict that for years had delayed the planned deployment of the Crusader army in the Holy Land; the legates unsuccessful y negotiated for many months to reach a settlement. On August 16, 1203, the pope urged him to accept the patriarchate of Jerusalem but the cardinal declined. In the fall of 1204, both cardinals traveled to Constantinople that since April 1204 was in Latin hands. While Cardinal Capuano remained in that city remained, Cardinal Soffredo traveled to Kingdom of Thessalonike, whose ruler was Bonifazio de Montferrat, to ask him to support the establishment of the Latin hierarchy. In August 1205, he returned to the Curia and subscribed a papal privilege for the first time after his legation on December 5, 1205. Until his death, he led the quiet and little busy life at the Curia. Cardinal protoprete in 1208. He probably retired during his last years to Pistoia

Death. December 14, 1210, probably in Pistoia. Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 148-149; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, I, col. 1116-1117; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1928, p. 151-152; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, p. 3, note 1, no. 12; Kartusch, Elfriede. Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181-1227 ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kardinalates im Mittelalter. Dissertation: Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Wien, 1948, p. 393-399; Maleczek, Werner. Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216 : die Kardinäle unter Coelestin III. und Innocenz III. Wien : Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1984. (Publikationen des Historischen Instituts beim Österreichischen Kulturinstitut in Rom. I. Abteilung, Abhandlungen ; 6. Bd.; Variation: Publikationen des Österreichischen Kulturinstitut in Rom.; 1. Abteilung ; Abhandlungen ; 6. Bd), p. 73-76.

(1) This is according to Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, p. 73; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928, p. 151, says that he was born in Pisa.

(8) 5. ALBINO, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Crescenziano (?-ca. 1197)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon of S. Maria Nuova in the consistory celebrated in mid-1182 (1). Subscribed papal bulls issued between August 1182 and March 19, 1185. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme in 1185. During this period, he continued working on his Digesta; the last two books in the collection are about the rights of the Roman church; the relationship with the Liber Censuum of Cencio is not known with certainty, but perhaps it is one of the preparatory works on which the camerarius of Pope Celestine III based his 1192 work. Subscribed papal bulls issued between May 4 and November 11, 1185; December 16, 1185 and October 24, 1186; February 24, 1188 and May 18, 1189. In the summer of 1188, he was sent, along with Cardinal Pietro of San Lorenzo in Damaso, as legate to the court of Guglielmo II of Sicily. Participated in the papal election of 1185, in which Pope Urban III was elected. Participated in the first papal election of 1187, in which Pope Gregory VIII was elected. Participated in the second papal election of 1187, in which Pope Clement III was elected.

Episcopate. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Albano in 1189. Consecrated (no information found). Subscribed papal bulls issued between June 6, 1189 and February 17, 1191; and May 2, 1191 and July 12, 1196. Participated in the papal election of 1191, in which Pope Celestine III was elected. In May and June, 1192, he participated, together with Cardinal Gregorio Crescenzi, in the negotiations with Tancredo, king of Sicily, which culminated with the concordat of Gravina of 1192; the concordat amended the Pactum Beneventanum in some points favorable to the papacy. Under both Popes Clement III and Celestine III, he was papal vicar. He also authored Collectio canonum. Cardinal Albino often acted as auditor at the papal court.

Death. Ca. 1197, (no place found). Buried (no information found)

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 149-150; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, I, col. 1117; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1928, p. 152; Kartusch, Elfriede. Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181-1227 ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kardinalates im Mittelalter. Dissertation: Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Wien, 1948, p. 79-82; Maleczek, Werner. Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216 : die Kardinäle unter Coelestin III. und Innocenz III. Wien : Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1984. (Publikationen des Historischen Instituts beim Österreichischen Kulturinstitut in Rom. I. Abteilung, Abhandlungen ; 6. Bd.; Variation: Publikationen des Österreichischen Kulturinstitut in Rom.; 1. Abteilung ; Abhandlungen ; 6. Bd), p. 76-77.

Webgraphy. Formation et carrière d'un grand personnage de la Curie au XIIe siècle : le cardinal Albinus by Teresa Montecchi Palazzi, Mélanges de l'ècole française de Rome, XCVIII (1986), 98-2, pp. 623-671, Persée.

(1) This is according to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928, p. 152; Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, p. 76, says that he was created at the end of 1182 and subscribed a papal bull for the first time on December 21, 1182.

©1998-2023 Salvador Miranda.