The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

Biographical Dictionary
Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)
Consistory of February 18, 1212 (VIII)
Celebrated in Rome


(27) 1. ANGELO (?-1215)

Birth. (No date or place found).

Education. (No information found).

Early life. Apostolic subdeacon. Chaplain of Pope Innocent III. Auditor in the papal court.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon of S. Adriano in the consistory of February 18, 1212. Subscribed the papal bulls issued between March 15, 1212 and April 18, 1215.

Death. November 29, 1215, Rome. Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 209; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. 29; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1929. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1929, p. 113; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, pp. 4 and 48; Maleczek, Werner. Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216 : die Kardinäle unter Coelestin III. und Innocenz III. Wien : Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1984. (Publikationen des Historischen Instituts beim Österreichischen Kulturinstitut in Rom. I. Abteilung, Abhandlungen ; 6. Bd.; Variation: Publikationen des Österreichischen Kulturinstitut in Rom.; 1. Abteilung ; Abhandlungen ; 6. Bd), p. 170; Necrologi e libri affini della Provincia romana. A cura di Pietro Egidi. Roma : Forzani e c., tipografi del Senato, 1908-1914. (Fonti per la storia d'Italia, pub. dall' Istituto storico italiano; 44- Antichità. Secoli XI-), I, 76-77.

Webgraphy. His engraving and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

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(28) 2. COLONNA, Giovanni (last quarter of the 12th century-1245)

Birth. Last quarter of the 12th century, Rome or Carbognano. Son of Giordano (or Oddo), signore of Colonna, Monteporzio, Zagarolo, Gallicano and Palestrina. He is also listed as Giovanni II Colonna; and Giovanni Colonna, iuniore. He had several brothers: Landolfo, progenitor of the future branch of Riofreddo; Oddone, progenitor of the future branch of Gallicano, remembered in 1226 as vicar of Colonna, who in that year was rector of the duchy of Spoleto and Tuscia; finally Giordano, whose son Oddone, progenitor of the Palestrina branch, was senator of Rome in 1238-1239 and in 1241. Another son of Giordano named Giovanni was prior of the Roman province of the Dominican Order and archbishop of Messina. Other cardinals from the different branches of the family were Giacomo Colonna (1278); Pietro Colonna (1288); Giovanni Colonna (1327); Agapito Colonna (1378); Stefano Colonna (1378); Oddone Colonna (1405), future Pope Martin V; Prospero Colonna (1426); Giovanni Colonna (1480); Pompeo Colonna (1517); Marco Antonio Colonna, seniore (1565); Ascanio Colonna (1586); Girolamo Colonna (1627); Carlo Colonna (1706); Prospero Colonna (1739); Girolamo Colonna (1743); Prospero Colonna (1743); Marcantonio Colonna, iuniore (1759); Pietro Colonna (1766), who took the last name Pamphili; and Nicola Colonna, 1785.

Education. He had the title of magister.

Early life. He had a benefice in England.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest of S. Prassede in the consistory of February 18, 1212 (1). Subscribed the papal bulls issued between March 15, 1212 and April 21, 1214; March 4, 1217 and February 27, 1226; May 7, 1227 and May 20, 1240; and September 26, 1243 and April 17, 1244. Participated in the papal election of 1216, in which was elected Pope Honorius III. Legate in Speyer, where he was made prisoner and freed in 1217 at the demand of the pope. Participated in the papal election of 1227, in which was elected Pope Gregory IX. In 1223, he was legate in Constantinople and in Syria, from where he took a part of the column of the Flagellation of Our Lord for his titular church in Rome (2). Participated in the papal election of 1241-1243, in which was elected Pope Innocent IV. Legate in Naples.

Death. Shortly after April 17, 1244 (3), Palestrina, where he had retired. Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 232-235; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. 57-59; Colonna, Prospero. I Colonna. Dalle origini all'inizio del secolo XIX. Sunto di ricordi storici raccolti per cura di Prospero Colonna. Roma : Istituto Nazionale Medico Farmacologico "Serono", 1927, p. 13-17; Du Boulay, César Egasse (Bulaeus, Caesar Egasseus). Historia universitatis Parisiensis, ipsius fundationem, nationes, facultates, magistratus, decreta, censuras et judicia in negotiis fidei, privilegia, comitia, legationes, reformationes. Item antiquiss. Gallorum Academias, aliarum quoque universit. et religios. ordinum, qui ex eadem communi matre exierunt, institutiones et fundationes, aliaque id genus cum instrumentis publ. et authent. a Carolo M. ad nostra tempora (1600) ord. chronol. complectens . 6 vols. Parisiis : Franciscum Noel, 1665-1673, III, 693-694; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1929. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1929, p. 113; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, pp. 4 and 45; Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino. Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie. Dal 1227 al 1254. 2 vols. Padova : Antenore, 1972. (Italia sacra, 18-19), I, 13.

Webgraphy. Biography by Werner Maleczek, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 27 (1982), Treccani; biography, in Latin, under "Ioannes de Columna", p. 693-694, Gallica, Bibliothéque National de France; his genealogy, A2 B1 C2 D2, Libro d'Oro della Nobilità Mediterranea; his portrait, arms and engravings, Araldica Vaticana; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; The Colonna family, in English by James Loughlin, in English, The Catholic Encyclopedia; Colónna in Italian, Enciclopedie on line, Treccani.

(1) This is according to all the sources consulted except Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, I, pt. 2, 232; and Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, col. 57, which say that he was created cardinal by Pope Honorius III in December 1216 in Rome; and his biography by Maleczek, linked above, that says that he was created cardinal pirest of S. Prassede on February 18, 1217.
(2) This is the text of the plaque placed in his title in remembrance of the donation of the relic by the cardinal, taken from Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, col. 57:

IOANNI TIT. S. PRAXEDIS
CARDINALI COLVMNAE
QVOD APOSTOLICVS LEGATVS IN ORIENTE
AN. SAL. MCCXXIII.
COLVMNAM CHRISTI DOMINI POENIS
ET SANGVINE CONSECRATAM
HIEROSLYMIS ROMAN ASPORTAVERIT
PATRIAMQVE SPOLIIS ORIENTIS NOBILEM
TROPHAEO CHRISTI PATIENTIAE
AMPLIFICAVERIT
FRANCISCVS COLVMNA
CARBONIANI ET RVBIANI PRINCEPS
NE GENTILIS SVI DE CHRISTIANA REP.
DEQVE COLVMNENSI GENTE
CVI VETUS COGNOMENTVM SACRATIVS FECIT
EGREGIE MERITI MEMORIA ABOLIRETVR
HOC AD PSTEROS MONVMENTVM
POSVIT
AN. DOM. MDCXXXV.

(3) This is according to Paravicini Bagliani, Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie. Dal 1227 al 1254, I, 13, indicating that he signed a papal bull for the last time on that date; the same source adds that according to the Liber anniversarum Basilicae Vaticanae, the cardinal died on January 28, and Paravicini Bagliani also says that he may have died in 1245; Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, I, pt. 2, 234, says that he died ca. 1245; Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, col. 59 and Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, I, 4 and 45, say that he died in 1245; Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1929, p. 113, indicates that he died in February 1245; his biography in French, p. 694, linked above, says that he died in the octave of the feast of the Purification of Our Lady in February 1244; and his genealogy, also linked above, says that he died in 1244. The discrepancies among the sources concerning the year of his death are probably due to the use of the vieux style, which counted the years from Easter to Easter, therefore, in this case, 1244 was the equivalent of 1245 in the regular calendar.

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(29) 3. DUACENSIS, Pierre (?-1221)

Birth. (No date found), Douai, Flanders. He is also listed as Peter of Benevento; as Pietro Collevaccino da Benevento; and as Petrus Beneventanus; and his last name as de Douai and Douay (1).

Education. (No information found).

Early life. Apostolic subdeacon. Notary at the Roman Curia. In 1210, he was commissioned by Pope Innocent III to compile a new collection of papal decretals.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro in the consistory of February 18, 1212. Subscribed the papal bulls issued between March 15, 1212 and March 7, 1216; one issued on April 13, 1216; and from April 19, 1217 and August 7, 1219. Legate in Aragón, 1214-1215. Legate in France; in the council of Dijon, he excommunicated the king of France; participated in the council of Montpellier with Cardinal Pietro de Morra (?). Participated in the papal election of 1216, in which was elected Pope Honorius III. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso before November 10, 1216.

Episcopate. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Sabina in 1217. Consecrated by Pope Honorius III in December 1217.

Death. Before April 1221, Rome (?). Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 216; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. 30; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1929. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1929, p. 113; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, pp. 4 and 45.

Webgraphy. Biography, in English, Wikipedia; his engraving and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

(1) "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1929, p. 113, says that he is confused by Francesco Cristofori, Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa (Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888), p. 33, with Cardinal Pietro Campano, O.S.B.Cas. (1216); Cristofori inserts as bishop of Sabina from 1216 to 1221 Pietro di Collevaccino, noble from Benevento, who was secretary of Pope Innocent III and wrote a treatise on preaching (according to "Essai", p. 113). Because of the similarities in their biographical data, he may be confused with Cardinal Pietro di Morra (1205).

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(30) 4. BERTRANDO (?-1216)

Birth. (No date or place found). His name is also listed as Bertrand and as Bertino.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro in the consistory of February 18, 1212. Subscribed the papal bulls issued between March 15, 1212 and November 4, 1213. Legate in France; he preached the crusade against the Albigenses. Participated in the papal election of 1216, in which was elected Pope Honorius III.

Death. After the election of Pope Honorius III in July 1216 (1), (no place found). Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 221-222; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. 36; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1929. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1929, p. 113; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, pp. 4 and 50.

(1) This is according to Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, col. 36; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1929, p. 113, says that he died towards the end of 1215, which would have precluded his attendance at 1216 conclave.

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(31) 5. CECCANO, O.Cist., Stefano di (before 1181, probably in the 1270s-1227)

Birth. Before 1181, probably in the 1270s, Ceccano. Son of Count Landolfo I di Ceccano and his wife, Egidia. He is also listed as Stefano da Fossanova. Other cardinals of the family were Gregorio Gaetani (1099); Giordano di Ceccano, O.Cist. (1188); Teobaldo di Ceccano, O.Cist. (1275); and Annibaldo di Ceccano (1327).

Education. Entered the Order of the Cistercians at the monastery of Fossanova.

Priesthood. Ordained (no further information found). Prior of the monastery of Fossanova; later, its abbot. He was a close friend of Domingo de Guzman, founder of the Order of Preachers (Dominicans) and future saint. Papal chamberlain in 1206.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria in the consistory of February 18, 1212. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of Ss. XII Apostoli in 1213. Subscribed the papal bulls issued between November 4, 1213 and April 13, 1216. Participated in the papal election of 1216, in which was elected Pope Honorius III. Subscribed papal bulls issued betwen August 12, 1216 and February 27, 1226. Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church in 1219. Participated in the papal election of 1227, in which was elected Pope Gregory IX. Subscribed papal bulls issued between May 7 and September 23, 1227. He founded the church of the Cistercian abbey of S. Galgano di Siena; and nearby, erected a rich chapel dedicated to the Virgin della Rotonda, in the place where S. Galgano had died (1).

Death. November 23, 1227, Rome. Buried in the patriarchal Liberian basilica (2).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 210-211; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. 30-31; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, pp. 103 and 249; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1929. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1929, p. 113; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, pp. 4 and 39; Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino. Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie. Dal 1227 al 1254. 2 vols. Padova : Antenore, 1972. (Italia sacra, 18-19), I, 13-14.

Webgraphy. Biography by Antonio Antonetti, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 94 (2019), Treccani; biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; his engraving, portrait and arms, Araldica Vaticana; Il braccio meridionale del chiostro di Fossanova: ipotesi sulla cronologia e sulle maestranze che parteciparono al progetto di ricostruzione, by Cinzia Mastroianni, Rivista cistercense, XXI, 3 (settembre-dicembre 2004), pp. 315-357.

(1) This is the text of the inscription placed in the chapel, taken from Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, 31:

D.     O.     M.
STEPHANO DE CECCANO EX MONACHIO CISTERC.
S. R. E. CARDINALI PRESBYTERO PIISIMO.
ILDEBRANDO, ET GVILELMO PANNOCHIIS
EX COMITIBVS DE TRAVALE
AC GALGANO II. RELIGIOSISSIMIS, SANTISSSIMISQ.
VOLATERRANIS EPISCOPIS.

(2) This is the text of his epitaph, taken from Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, 31:
D.     O.     M.
HIC REQVIESCIT STEPHANVS DE FOSSANOVA .....
MA. P. L. M. PRESBYTER CARDINALIS.
OBIIT ANNO DOMINI MCCXXVII. INDICTIONE
..... GREGORII IX. PAPAE ANNO PRIMO.

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(32) 6. CURZON, Robert (ca. 1160/1170-1219)

Birth. Ca. 1160/1170, Kedleston (?), Derbyshire, England. His last name is also listed as de Cursone; as de Cursim; as Curçon; as Courçon; as Cursus; as Corceon; as Corzon; as Corson; as Courson; and as Cursonus.

Education. Studied at the University of Oxford; later, at the University of Paris; studied under Pierre le Chantre ca. 1190-1195; obtained a doctorate in theology; he was a condisciple of Lotario dei Conti di Segni, future Pope Innocent III.

Early life. Professor at the University of Paris; later, its chancellor (?); he redacted or approved its statutes. Canon of the cathedral chapter of Noyon, January 1204. In 1205, he suggested, to the king of France, uniting the different écoles under the title of "Universitas Literarum" and adding the faculties of law and medicine to it. Canon of the cathedral chapter of Paris in January 1209. Professor in Rome (?). Ca. 1210, the patriarchal cathedral chapter of Constantinople proposed two candidates for the patriarchate, one of them was Robert Curzon; the pope asked the chapter to elect the new patriarch themselves; the chapter elected a third candidate.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest of S. Stefano al Monte Celio in the consistory of February 18, 1212 (1). Subscribed the papal bulls issued between February 18 and April 12, 1216; August 12, 1216 and May 31, 1219 (including the bull approving the establishment of the Order of Preachers (Dominicans) on December 22, 1216). Named legate in France to preach the crusade against the Albigenses on April 19, 1213 and to prepare for the general council that the pope had convoked on that same day; and to prepare for the council; legate in France again in 1214; celebrated a council in Burdeos in June 1214; when he entered the English territories in France (Guyenne), he was accredited before the king of England, together with Cardinal Nicolò de Romanis. Participated in the Fourth Lateran Cuncil held in Rome beginning on November 1, 1215. Participated in the papal election of 1216, in which was elected Pope Honorius III. Legate in England, again, with Cardinal Romano Bonaventura. Acompanied the crusade to Palestine in July 1218; landed in Damietta in October 1218; he died during the siege of Damietta in 1219. He wrote several works in theology.

Death. February 6, 1219, Damietta. Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Baxter, Dudley. England's cardinals. With an appendix showing the reception of the sacred pallium by the archbishops of Canterbury and Westminster. London : Burns & Oates ; New York : Benzinger, 1903, p. 16-17; Bellenger, Dominc Aidan and Stella Fletcher. Princes of the church. A history of the English cardinals. Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire : Sutton Publishing Ltd., 2001, p. 11-12; Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 2, 223-225; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. 37-38; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIIIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1929. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1929, p. 113-114; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, pp. 5, 47 and 205, note 2; Féret, Pierre. La Faculté de théologie de Paris et ses docteurs les plus célèbres : moyen-age. 4 v. Paris : Picard, 1894-1897. Note: Added t.p.: La Faculté de théologie de Paris au moyen-age et ses docteurs les plus célèbres. Other title: Faculté de théologie de Paris au moyen-age et ses docteurs les plus célèbres, I, XXVIII- XXXI; Heseltine, George Coulehan. The English cardinals. With some account of those of other English-speaking countries. London : Burns Oates & Washbourne, 1931, p. 28-30; Isaacson, Charles S. The story of the English cardinals. London : Elliot Stock, 1907, p. 39-42; Quinlan, John. Our English cardinals, including the English pope. Alcester ; Dublin : C. Goodliffe Neale, 1972, p. 19; Schofield, Nicholas ; Skinner, Gerard. The English cardinals. Oxford, UK : Family Publications, 2007, p. 27-28; Williams, Robert Folkestone. Lives of the English cardinals, including historical notices of the papal court, from Nicholas Breakspear (Pope Adrian IV) to Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal Legate. 2 vols. Westmead, England : Gregg International, 1969. Responsibility: London, Wm. H. Allen & Co., 1868, I, 248-251.

Webgraphy. Biography by William Turner, in English, The Catholic Encyclopedia; biography, in English, Crusades Encyclopedia; biographical entry, in English, Gary Macy, Ph.D., Professor of Religious Studies, University of San Digeo, California, United States of America; his work at the University of Paris, in French, p. XXVIII- XXXI, Gallica, Bibliothèque National de France; biographical information, in English, p. 9-12, The Ohio State University Press; Le cardinal Robert de Courson. Sa vie, by Marcel and Christian Dickson, in French, p. 53-142, in French, Gallica, Bibliothèque National de France; his engraving and arms, Araldica Vaticana; his portrait, attributed to William Hamilton (1751–1801), ca. 1800, National Trust, Kedleston Hall and Eastern Museum, near Quarndon, Derby, Derbyshire DE22 5JH, England.

(1) Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, I, 5 and 47, indicates that he was created cardinal in 1216; Schofield, The English cardinals, p. 27; and Bellenger, Princes of the church. A history of the English cardinals, p. 11, say that he was created cardinal on June 9, 1212; Dickinson, Le cardinal Robert de Courson. Sa vie, p. 84, says that he was promoted to the cardinalate on March 15, 1212.

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