The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

Biographical Dictionary
Pope Urban VIII (1623-1644)
Consistory of December 16, 1641 (VII)

(46) 1. MACCHIAVELLI, Francesco Maria (1608-1653)

Birth. 1608 (or 1610), Florence. Second of the seven children of Filippo Macchiavelli and Maria Magalotti. The other siblings were Lorenco, + 1662, captain of the pontifical guard of Ferrara, marquis of Quinto, he married Eleonora Thiene, marchioness of Scandiano; Vincenzo, + 1640, knight of Malta in 1612, commendatore of Ascoli, captain of the guard of Cavallegieri; Lucrezia + 1638, married Marchis Bernardino Naro; Filippo, + 1645, knight of Malta; Alessandro, + 1636, knight of Malta, canon of the patriarchal Vatican basilica; Benedetto, he was alive in 1671, castellano of Forturbano. On his mother's side, he was related to the Barberini, having his aunt, Costanza Magalotti, married Carlo Barberini, brother of Maffeo Barberini (Pope Urban VI). Nephew of Cardinal Lorenzo Magalotti (1624). Cousin of Cardinals Francesco Barberini, seniore (1623) and Antonio Barberini, iuniore, O.S.Io.Hieros. (1627).

Education. After the election of Pope Urban VIII in 1623, he was sent to Rome, where he studied grammar and humanities at Seminario Romano; and later, studied law.

Early life. At a very youn age was named canon of the patriarchal Vatican basilica. Among his first responsibilities was the embassy to welcome Cardinal Fernando de Austria, infante of Spain, governor of Milan, who arrived in that city on May 24, 1633, to whom he paid homage in the name of Pope Urban VIII and his nephews. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota from 1633 until 1638. In June 1636, he accompanied Cardinal Marzio Ginetti, legate a latere in Cologne to follow the peace talks between the Catholic and Protestant European powers, as auditor and datary of the legation. While he was in Cologne, he was promoted to the episcopate.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Ferrara, with dispensation for not having yet reached the canonical age and not having yet received the presbyterate, October 11, 1638. Consecrated, February 2, 1639, church of the Jesuits, at Köln, by Martino Alfieri, archbishop of Cosenza and apostolic nuncio in Germany, assisted by three German bishops. His relative, Filippo Magalotti, took possession of the diocese in his name. Promoted to the titular patriarchate of Constantinople, retaining the see of Ferrara, March 26, 1640. Received the pallium, June 18, 1640. Nuncio extraordinary with faculties of legate a latere to the city of Cologne and province of Germany during the temporary absence of Cardinal Marzio Ginetti because of illness; on August 31, 1641, he was given perimision to return to Rome also due to health reasons.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 16, 1641; with dispensation for having two cousins in the Sacred College of Cardinals; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, May 26, 1642. Participated in the conclave of 1644, which elected Pope Innocent X.

Death. November 22, 1653, Ferrara. Buried in front of the altar of S. Angelo Custodo in that cathedral. The news of his death reached Rome in the evening of November 29, 1653.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, VII, 1-2; Gauchat, Patritium. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IV (1592-1667). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1935; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1967, pp. 24, 43, 162 and 186; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), IV, 50.

Webgraphy. Biography by Renato Sansa, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 67 (2006), Treccani; engravings and arms, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

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(47) 2. FILOMARINO, Ascanio (1583-1666)

Birth. 1583, Naples (1). Of the noble family of the dukes Della Torre. Eldest of the five sons of Claudio Filomarino and Porzia di Leonessa. The other children were Scipione (field marshall and State counselor), Francesco (abbot of S. Giorgio Maggiore in Naples), Marcantonio (a Capuchin friar with the name Francesco Maria and prior of the basilica del Carmine of Naples) and Ferdinando (Regular cleric with the name Gennaro and bishop of Calvi). Relative of Cardinal Ladislao d'Aquino (1616).

Education. Studied umane lettere; and later, obtained a doctorate in law in Benevento.

Early life. Went to Rome with his friend Ladislao d'Aquino, future cardinal (1616). Pope Urban VIII named them privy chamberlains participanti and canons of the chapter of the patriarchal Liberian basilica. Master of chamber of Cardinal Francesco Barberini, seniore, in the legations to Farnce and Spain. Canon of the patriarchal Vatican basilica. Went to Spain to bring the fascie of the new infant prince. Declined promotion to the metropolitan see of Salerno offered by the king of Spain.

Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Abbot commendatario of the abbey of S. Maria Maddalena in Armillis in S. Egidio del Monte Albino until1634.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 16, 1641; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria in Aracoeli, February 10, 1642.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Naples, December 16, 1641; took possession of the see through his brother Gennaro Filomarino, bishop of Calvi, in January 1642. Consecrated, Sunday, January 19, 1642, Sistine Chapel, Rome, by Cardinal Antonio Barberini, seniore, O.F.M.Cap., assisted by Fuasto Poli, titular archbishop of Amasea, and by Gennaro Filomarino, bishop of Calvi. In the same ceremony was consecrated Cardinal Vincenzo Maculani, O.P., archbishop of Benevento. Celebrated diocesan synods in 1642, 1644, 1646, 1649, 1652, 1658 and 1662. Participated in the conclave of 1644, which elected Pope Innocent X. He mediated in the Masaniello's (an abbreviation of Tommaso Aniello) revolt against Habsburg rule in Naples in 1647. Participated in the conclave of 1655, which elected Pope Alexander VII. He had an active role during the severe epidemic plague of 1656.

Death. November 3, 1666, Naples. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Naples.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, VII, 2-5; Combaluzier, Fernand. "Sacres épiscopaux à Rome de 1565 à 1662. Analyse intégrale du Ms. «Miscellanea XIII, 33» des Archives Vaticanes." Sacris Eruduri, XVIII (1967-1968), p. 225; Gauchat, Patritium. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IV (1592-1667). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1935; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1967, pp. 24, 45 and 254; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), I, 416; Zigarelli, Daniello Maria. Biografie dei vescovi e arcivescovi della chiesa di Napoli con una descrizione del clero, della cattedrale, della basilica di s. Restituta e della cappella del tesoro di s. Gennaro. Napoli: Tipografico di G. Gioja, 1861, pp.166-179.

Webgraphy. Biography by Massimo Bray, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 47 (1997), Treccani; his engraving, portraits and arms, Araldica Vaticana; his portrait Giovan Battista Calandra, bottega romana, secolo XVII (1642), regione ecclesiastica Campania, diocesi Napoli, Beni Ecclesiastici in Web (BeWeB); his portrait, secolo XVIII (1700-1799), ambito napoletano, regione ecclesiastica Campania, diocesi Napoli, Beni Ecclesiastici in Web (BeWeB); his engraving, arms and portraits, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) This is according to Gauchat, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IV, 24; Cardella, Memorie de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, VII, 2, indicates that some sources say that he was born in Clanca, fief of his family, in the vicinity of Benevento. Clanca is probably the latinized form of Chianche; Zigarelli, Biografie dei vescovi e arcivescovi della chiesa di Napoli, p. 166, also says that he was born in a fief of his family near Benevento but does not mention its name.

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(48) 3. BRAGADIN, Marcantonio (1591-1658)

Birth. 1591 (or 1593), Venice. Of a noble family that belonged to the non-official group of the 42 most influential houses of the Republic of Venice. Son of Antonio Bragadin, head of the Council of the Ten, and Cecilia Morosini. He had three brothers: Alvise (1594-1665), who was consigliere; Barbaro (1597-1656), also a consigliere; and Lorenzo, who probably died very young. His grandfather, Marcantonio Bragadin, was the defender of Famagosta, Cyprus. His first name is also listed as Marc'Antonio; and as Marco Antonio; and his last name as Bragadino; as Bragadeno; and as Bragadini.

Education. Obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law.

Early life. Initially, he followed a political career and was Savio of Orders; and an officer at Cazude. In 1624, he abandoned poltics to follow an ecclesiastical career. Went to Rome and Pope Urban VIII entrusted him several charges in Romagna.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 28, 1626, Venice. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, March 17, 1627. Governor of Fabriano, April to December 1627. Governor of Sabina, October 17, 1628. Governor of Narni, December 28, 1628.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Crema, December 3, 1629. Consecrated, December 21, 1629, Sistine Chapel, Rome, by Cardinal Antonio Barberini, seniore, O.F.M.Cap., assisted by Luca Castellani, bishop of Catanzaro, and by Francesco Passionei, bishop of Cagli. Transferred to the see of Ceneda, January 12, 1633. Transferred to the see of Vicenza, October 3, 1639.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 16, 1641; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo, May 26, 1642. Participated in the conclave of 1644, which elected Pope Innocent X. Opted for the title of S. Marco, November 19, 1646. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 10, 1650 to January 9, 1651. Participated in the conclave of 1655, which elected Pope Alexander VII. Resigned the government of the diocese of Vicenza before October 14, 1655. He suffered from gout.

Death. March 28, 1658, in the palace of S. Marco, Rome. Buried in his title, S. Marco.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, VII, 5-6; Gauchat, Patritium. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IV (1592-1667). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1935; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1967, pp. .

Webgraphy. Biography by Gino Benzoni - Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 13 (1971), Treccani; biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; his portrait, secolo XVII (1641-1699), ambito veneto, regione ecclesiastica Triveneto, diocesi Vicenza, Beni Ecclesiastici in web (BeWeB); his engraving and arms, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb in the basilica of S. Marco, Rome, Requiem Datenbank.

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(49) 4. RAGGI, Ottaviano (1592-1643)

Birth. December 31, 1592, Genoa. Son of Giacomo Raggi, future senator of the Republic of Genoa, and Girolama di Negro. Uncle of Cardinal Lorenzo Raggi (1647).

Education. He obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, at the University of Genoa.

Early life. Went to Rome and was named protonotary apostolic on November 19, 1617. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace in 1619. According to the custom of the time, purchased in 1622, from the prelate Bentivoglio Bolognese, a clericate in the Apostolic Chamber with the presidency of the Grascia; and later, with the presidency of the Annona. Substituted, during the absence of Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini, as camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church and other important charges such as repairing the streets of Rome for the Jubilee celebrations. Auditor general of the Apostolic Chamber, 1637. Ordinary judge of the Roman Curia in 1637 and 1640.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 16, 1641; received the red hat and the title of S. Agostino, February 10, 1642.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Aleria, Corsica, January 12, 1643. Consecrated, February 1, 1643, basilica of S. Maria Maggiore, Rome, by Cardinal Giandomenico Spinola.

Death. December 31, 1643, Rome. Buried in the church of SS. Nome di Gesù, Rome (1).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, VII, 6-7; Gauchat, Patritium. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IV (1592-1667). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1935; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1967, pp. .

Webgraphy. Biography by Giampiero Brunelli - Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (2016), Treccani; his tomb in the church of SS. Nome di Gesù, Rome, The Australian National University; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) This is the text of the inscription on his tomb, taken from Requiem Datenbank, linked above:

TIBI OCTAVIANO CARDINALI RAGGIO
TUQUE ANIMI CANDORI
QUEM ROMA RARUM STUPUIT
ET AMAVIT
LAURENTIUS RAGGIUS S . R . E . CARDINALIS
EX FRATRE NEPOS
THOMAS APOSTOLICAE CLASSIS COMMISSARIUS GENERALIS
FRATER
IOANNES BAPTA ECCLESIASTICAE PEDITUM LEGIONI PRAEFECTUS
ALTER EX FRATRE NEPOS
POSUERE
OBIIT ANNO MDCXLIII AETAT . L

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(50) 5. CESI, iuniore, Pierdonato (ca. 1583-1656)

Birth. Ca. 1583, Rome. Son of Federico Cesi, signore of Oliveto, and Pulcheria Orsini. Of the dukes of Acquasparta. Other cardinals of the family were Paolo Emilio Cesi (1517); Federico Cesi (1544); Pierdonato Cesi, seniore (1570); and Bartolomeo Cesi (1596). His name is also listed as Pier Donato.

Education. Educated by the Fathers of the Oratory nella pietà, e nelle lettere. Obtained a doctorate in law.

Early life. Granted three wealthy abbeys. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace. Protonotary apostolic de numero participantium, April 8, 1615. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber before May 8, 1625. Governor of Civitavecchia, January 2, 1627 to 1630. Treasurer general of His Holiness, 1634.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 16, 1641; received the red hat and the title of S. Marcello, February 10, 1642. Legate a latere in Perugia, 1643. Granted dispensation by the pope to accept the appointment of canon of the cathedral chapter of Toledo, made by the king of Spain. Participated in the conclave of 1644, which elected Pope Innocent X. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 9, 1651 until January 8, 1652. Participated in the conclave of 1655, which elected Pope Alexander VII.

Death. January 30, 1656, in his Roman palace near the church of S. Marcello. Buried in the church of S. Prassede, Rome.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, VII, 8-9; Gauchat, Patritium. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IV (1592-1667). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1935; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1967, pp. .

Webgraphy. Biography by Marco Palma, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 24 (1980), Treccani; biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; his engraving and arms, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

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(51) 6. VEROSPI, Girolamo (1599-1652)

Birth. 1599, Rome. Son of Ferdinando Verospi and Giulia de' Massimi. Nephew of Cardinal Fabrizio Verospi (1627).

Education. Studied law.

Early life. Advocate of causes in the Roman Curia. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, 1627, succeeding his uncle Fabrizio.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 16, 1641; received the red hat and the title of S. Agnese in Agone, February 10, 1642. Named member of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office in 1642.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Osimo, with dispensation for not having yet received the sacred orders, February 10, 1642. Consecrated, Sunday April 27, 1642, Sistine chapel, Rome, by Cardinal Antonio Barberini, seniore, O.F.M.Cap., assisted by Fausto Poli, titular archbishop of Amasea, and by Celso Zani, former bishop of Città della Pieve. In the same ceremony was consecrated Cardinal Giulio Gabrielli, bishop of Ascoli Pisceno. He entered the diocese of Osimo on February 8, 1644. Participated in the conclave of 1644, which elected Pope Innocent X.

Death. January 5, 1652, Osimo. The news of his death reached Rome on January 7, 1652. Buried next to the altar of S. Girolamo, in the chapel of Our Lady, in the cathedral of Osimo. On April 29, 1666, his remains were transferred to Rome and buried in the tomb of his ancestor in the church of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, VII, 9; Combaluzier, Fernand. "Sacres épiscopaux à Rome de 1565 à 1662. Analyse intégrale du Ms. «Miscellanea XIII, 33» des Archives Vaticanes." Sacris Eruduri, XVIII (1967-1968), p. 225-226; Gauchat, Patritium. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IV (1592-1667). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1935; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1967, pp. .

Webgraphy. Biography, Pompeo Compagnoni ; Filippo Vecchietti, Memorie istorico critiche della chiesa e de' vescovi di Osimo. 5 vols. Roma : Zempel, 1783, lezione CCLXXXI, p. 261-271; biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; biography, in Italian, Ereticopedia; his engraving and arms, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank; ..Un po di storia non fa mai male.... by Franco Focante, osimoversopiazza.over-blog.com, Jan 28, 2017.

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(52) 7. MACULANI, O.P., Vincenzo (1578-1667)

Birth. September 11, 1578, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, diocese of Piacenza. Son of Vincenzo Maculani, a nobleman, notary and collector of the Community collections, and Fiorenza Cogni. He was baptized with the name Gaspare. His last name is also listed as Maculano.

Education. Entered the Order of Preachers (Dominicans) in the convent of Pavia in 1594; changed his baptismal name to Vincenzo. Studied in Bologna.

Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Lector of theology, canon law, practical geometry and architecture. Inquisitor in Padua, 1627, and in Genoa, August 1627 to 1629. Called to Rome by Pope Urban VIII, who named him procurator general of his order. Vicar of the Dominican master general during his visit to France. Named commissary of the Holy Office in 1632; as such, in 1633, he was named by Pope Urban VIII examiner in the process against Galileo Galilei; he was the only one to defend Galilei and he drew up the act of abiuration that Galileo himself signed, avoiding torture and death. Named master of the Sacred Palace in 1639.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 16, 1641; received the red hat and the title of S. Clemente, February 10, 1642.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Benevento, January 13, 1642. Consecrated, Sunday, January 19, 1642, Sistine Chapel, Rome, by Cardinal Antonio Barberini, seniore, O.F.M.Cap., assisted by Fuasto Poli, titular archbishop of Amasia, and by Gennaro Filomarino, bishop of Calvi. In the same ceremony was consecrated Cardinal Ascanio Filomarino, archbishop of Naples. Called to Rome, resigned the government of the archdiocese of Benevento before May 18, 1643 (1). Participated in the conclave of 1644, which elected Pope Innocent X. Sent to Malta to direct the construction of the fortifications of the island. Directed the construction of the fortresses of Forte Urbano and Castel S. Angelo as well as the wall of the city of Rome. Helped to solve the schism provoked by the election of two masters general of his order in the general chapter of Genoa and the subsequent chapter celebrated in Rome at his instance. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 8, 1652 until January 8, 1653. Participated in the conclave of 1655, which elected Pope Alexander VII.

Death. February 16, 1667, Rome. Buried in the church of S. Sabina, Rome (2).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, VII, 9-11; Combaluzier, Fernand. "Sacres épiscopaux à Rome de 1565 à 1662. Analyse intégrale du Ms. «Miscellanea XIII, 33» des Archives Vaticanes." Sacris Eruduri, XVIII (1967-1968), p. 225; Gauchat, Patritium. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IV (1592-1667). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1935; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1967, pp. .

Webgraphy. Biography by Francesco Beretta, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 67 (2006), Treccani; bis engraving and biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; biography by Daniele Santarelli, Ereticodia, 2013; biography, in Italian, Museo Galileo, Institute and Museum of the History of Science; Vincenzo Maculani: essaminatore di Galileo Galilei, MERY, Memory of History, Piacenza; his portrait, secolo XX (1912), bottega piacentina, regione ecclesiastica Emilia Romagna, diocesi Piacenza-Bobbio, Beni Ecclesiastici in web (BeWeB); his engraving and arms, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank; Lista dei Commissari generali del Sant'Uffizio (1542-1965), page created by Francesco Beretta & Daniele Santarelli | Symogih.org & Ereticopedia.org © 2013.

(1) Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IV, 113, erroneously indicates that he occupied the see of Benevento until his death.
(2) This is the text of the inscription on his vault, kindly provided by Mr. Eman Bonnici, from Malta:

D · O · M
F · VINCENTIO MACVLANI E IVLIA FIDENTIA
ORDINIS PRÆDICATORVM
S · R · E · CARDINALI TITVLI S · CLEMENTIS
ARCHIEP · BENEVENTANO
DOCTRINA PIETATE MVNIFICENTIA CLARO
QVI
TOTIVS ORD · PROCVRATOR AC VIC · GENERALIS
S · INQVISITIONIS COMMISSARIVS
APOSTOLICI PALATII MAGISTER
AB VRBANO VIII · P · M · PVRPVRA INSIGNITVS
ARCHITECTVRA MILITARI PRÆSTANS
MOLEM HADRIANAM VATICANVM IANICVLVM
ARCEM VRBANAM PROPE BONONIAM
MVLTAS IN ÆMILIA VRBES
ET MELITAM MVNIVIT
INNOCENTIVM · X · P · M ·
DE PRAVA IANSENII YPRENSIS EPISC ·
DOCTRINA DELIBERANTEM
CONSILIO ET OPERA STRENVE IVVIT
OBIIT ROMÆ DIE XV · FEB · MDCLXVII
ÆT · LXXXIX ·
VINCENTIUS MACVLANI FRATRIS PRONEPOS
CINERIBVS EX HVMILI LOCO TRANSLATIS
ANNO MDCCXLIV ·
M · P ·

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(53) 8. PERETTI DI MONTALTO, Francesco (1595-1655)

Birth. 1595, Rome. Son of Prince Michele Peretti Damasceni and Margherita della Somaglia, from Milan, only daughter of Count Alfonso Cavasio. Roman prince. Second prince of Venafro. Venetian patrician. Marquis of San Martino. Count of Celano. Baron of Pescina. Signore of San Rufino, San Benedetto dei Marsi, Aschi, Cocullo, Venere, Cerchio, Lecce dei Marsi, Goia dei Marsi, Bisegna, San Sebastiano, Sperone, Ortucchio, Torrimpietra, Palidoro, Tor Lupara and Mentana. Great-grand-nephew of Pope Sixtus V; and last descendant of the family. Nephew of Cardinal Alessandro Damasceni Peretti (1585). His last name is also listed as Peretti Damasceni.

Education. (No information found).

Early life. Encouraged by his father to get married in order to insure the continuation of the family, he chose the Princess of Cesi to be his future wife. When his father saw the bride, he fell in love with her and decided to marry her. Francesco was very upset seeing himself replaced by his father and left the paternal house and embarked in a long trip. Not wishing to hear again about nuptials and matrimony, he took the sacred orders (1).

Sacred orders. Ordained (no information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 16, 1641; received the red hat and the title of San Girolamo degli Schiavoni (or dei Croati), February 10, 1642. Participated in the conclave of 1644, which elected Pope Innocent X.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Monreale, May 30, 1650. Consecrated, June 7, 1650, in the papal chapel, Quirinale Palace, Rome, by Pope Innocent X, assisted by Cardinal Marcello Lante, bishop of Ostia e Velletri, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, and by Cardinal Giulio Roma, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina, vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. In 1651 he initiated the visit to the archdiocese. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 8, 1653 until January 12, 1654. Participated in the conclave of 1655, which elected Pope Alexander VII.

Death. May 4, 1655 (2>, near 5 a.m., in his Roman palace near the church of S. Lorenzo in Lucina. Buried on May 7, 1653, in the chapel of Sixtus V in the patriarchal Liberian basilica, Rome.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, VII, 11-13; Gauchat, Patritium. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IV (1592-1667). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1935; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1967, pp. .

Webgraphy. Biography by Stefano Boero - Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 82 (2015), Treccani; his bust by Giuliano Fenelli, Bode-Museum, Berlin, Wikimedia; his engravings, arms and portrait, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) This is according to Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinale della Santa Romana Chiesa, VII, 11-12.
(2) This as according to all the sources consulted except Requiem Datenbank that says he died on May 3, 1653.

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(54) 9. GABRIELLI, Giulio (1601-1677)

Birth. 1601, Rome. Of a noble and ancient family. Eldest of the two children of Antonio Gabrielli and Prudenzia Lancellotti. Nephew of Cardinal Orazio Lancellotti (1611), on his mother's side. Relative of Pope Clement X; and of Cardinal Giulio Gabrielli (1801). Other cardinals of the family were Scipione Lancellotti (1583); and Filippo Lancelloti (1794).

Education. (No information found).

Early life. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber at a young age; later, dean.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of December 16, 1641; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Maria Nuova, February 10, 1642.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Ascoli Piceno, with dispensation for not having yet received the presbyterate, February 10, 1642. Consecrated, Sunday April 27, 1642, Sistine chapel, Rome, by Cardinal Antonio Barberini seniore, O.F.M.Cap., assisted by Fausto Poli, titular archbishop of Amasia, and by Celso Zani, former bishop of Città della Pieve. In the same ceremony was consecrated Cardinal Girolamo Verospi, bishop of Osimo. Opted for the deaconry of S. Agata in Suburra, November 10, 1642. Co-legate in Urbino, together with Cardinal Francesco Barberini, July 6, 1643 to 1646. Participated in the conclave of 1644, which elected Pope Innocent X; left the conclave on September 10, 1644 because of illness. Participated in the conclave of 1655, which elected Pope Alexander VII. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria in Via Lata, May 14, 1655. Cardinal protodeacon. Opted for the order of priests and the title of S. Prisca, March 6, 1656. Participated in the conclave of 1667, which elected Pope Clement IX. Opted for the title of S. Prassede, July, 18, 1667. Opted for the title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, November 14, 1667. Cardinal primoprete. Opted for the order of bishops and the suburbicarian see of Sabina, retaining the administration of Ascoli Piceno, January 30, 1668. Administrator in commendam of the diocese of Rieti, ceasing ipso facto as administrator of Ascoli Piceno, March 12, 1668. Participated in the conclave of 1669-1670, which elected Pope Clement X. Governor general of Fermo, May 24, 1670. Ceased as administrator of Rieti, August 2, 1670. Legate in Romagna, October 6, 1670. Participated in the conclave of 1676, which elected Pope Innocent XI.

Death. August 31, 1677 (1), near 8 p.m., Rome. Buried on September 2, 1677 in his family's chapel in the church of S. Maria sopra Minerva, Rome.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, VII, 13-14; Combaluzier, Fernand. "Sacres épiscopaux à Rome de 1565 à 1662. Analyse intégrale du Ms. «Miscellanea XIII, 33» des Archives Vaticanes." Sacris Eruduri, XVIII (1967-1968), p. 225-226; Gauchat, Patritium. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IV (1592-1667). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1935; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1967, pp. ; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), II, 547.

Webgraphy. Biography by Dario Busolini, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 51 (1998), Treccani; his engraving by Giovanni Maria Morandi and Giuseppe Testana, Antiquariat Hille, Berlin; engravings and arms, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

(1) According to Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, VII, 14, he died in 1686, in età decrepita dopo quarantaquattro anni di Cardinalato. Zedler, Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon aller Wissenschafften und Künste, says that he died in 1677 im 74 jahre seines Dlter.

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(55) 10. MAZARIN, Jules Raymond (1602-1661)

Birth. July 14, 1602, Pescina, near L'Aquila, Abruzzi. First surviving son of Pietro Mazzarino, from Palermo, Sicily, and Ortensia Buffalini. His father was majordome of the Colonna family in Rome. Nephew of Father Giulio Mazarini, S.J., preacher and theologian who died in 1622. Brother of Cardinal Michel Mazarin, O.P. (1647). He is also listed as Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino; and his last name is also listed as Mazzarini; and as Mazarino.

Education. Studied at Collegio Romano, Rome, from 1609; At the end of an excellent course of studies, he presented a dissertation on comets under the guidance of Father Orazio Grassi, S.J., mathematician, astronomer and architect. From 1618 to 1622, he accompanied Girolamo Colonna, son of Constable Filippo and future cardinale, to Spain, where Girolamo completed his studies at the University of Alcalá de Henares; when he returned to Rome, he faced family problems caused by his father's escape for a murder charge but thanks to the protection of the Colonnas and other powerful friends, the matter was solved and he was able to pursue law studies at La Sapienza University, where he obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law in 1628.

Early life. He decided to follow a military career. He was captain of the papal troops in the Valtelline War, 1625-1626; and, later, in the war of succession of Mantua, 1628-1630; he then became friend of Giulio Sacchetti, commissary of the papal army and future cardinal. His negotiations of the truce of October 26, 1630 between France, Spain and Savoy, in which he favored the first one, made him a favorite of Cardinal Armand-Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, the French prime minister. Vice-sommista in the court of Cardinal Francesco Barberini, seniore. Auditor of the legation in Avignon in 1632.

Sacred orders. On May 8, 1632, the Pope dispensed him from receiving the sacred orders. Canon of the patriarchal Lateran basilica, May 8, 1632. Protonotary apostolic, November 17, 1632. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature, March 8, 1633. Vice-legate in Avignon, July 1, 1634. Nuncio extraordinary in France, 1634; Spain complained of his support for Cardinal Richelieu's policies and Pope Urban VIII dismissed him from the post on January 17, 1636. Went to Paris, placed himself at the cardinal's disposition. He became a French subject in April 1639. On January 3, 1640, he established himself in Paris definitively. Charged with signing a secret treaty with Savoy, 1640. Cardinal Richelieu requested his promotion to the cardinalate the following year (1).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal in the consistory of December 16, 1641; he received the red biretta in Valence on February 26, 1642; never received the red hat and the title or deaconry. Cardinal Richelieu died on December 4, 1642, and on his death bed, he recommended Cardinal Mazarin to King Louis XIII of France. After the death of Louis, May 14, 1643, he became a member of the Council of Regency and Queen Anne of Austria, mother of the infant King Louis XIV, effectively bestowed the power to the cardinal (2). When he took office, he pretended that it was only provisionally but kept the post until his death. He conducted the Congress of Westphalia (1643-1648), at the end of the Thirty Years' War, with extraordinary ability. Arrived too late to the conclave of 1644, which elected Pope Innocent X, to present the French veto against Cardinal Giambattista Pamphilj, who had already been elected pope and taken the name Innocent X. In 1645 he received, and gave protection in France, to Cardinals Francesco and Antonio Barberini, who were being investigated in Rome under the new Pope Innocent X. Between 1648 and 1653, the Parliament, some members of the nobility, military and clerics openly opposed the cardinal, contesting him as a foreigner and giving origin to the movement against him known as Fronda. On February 6, 1651, the cardinal was attacked by the Frondista party and forced to escape Paris and went to Brühl, Germany. He maintained a close epistolary contact with the Regent Anna d'Austria and continued directing the government's policies. On September 5, 1651, King Louis XIV reached adulthood and Cardinal Mazarin prepared his return to France but the nobles and the parliamentary judges emitted a proscription order against him and ordered the selling of his library in order to raise 50,000 franchi reward for his capture. In January 1652, Louis XIV having given, against the decisions of the parliament of Paris and the nobles, the order of free passage of the cardinal to French soil, he reentered France. Between 1652 and 1653 a civil war erupted in Paris and other regions of the country with the frondista party on one side and Mazarin, the king, the queen and those who remained loyal on the other. The cardinal, followed by the king, Anna d'Austria and the court went from one place to another trying to suffocate the revolt. His most determined adversaries were the Prince of Condé, the duke of Orléans, the cardinal de Retz, and Mademoiselle Anna Maria di Montpensier. On February 3, 1653, Cardinal Mazarin reentered Paris with the king and the court, applauded by the people and adulated even by ex-Frondistes.

Episcopate. Nominated bishop of Metz by King Louis XIV on November 29, 1653; he resigned in 1658 without ever been confirmed by the Holy See. Between 1653 and 1654, he confronted the Jansenist affair avoiding another wound in the life of the French caused by religious questions. Did not participate in the conclave of 1655, which elected Pope Alexander VII. Between 1655 and 1657, the cardinal took back, as prime minister of the Sun King, the policy of the absolute monarchy internally and of the French supremacy abroad also favoring the reawakening of the cultural activities. From November 1658 to November 1659, after a year of negotiations, the Treaty of the Pyrenees between France and Spain, a great diplomatic achievement for Cardinal Mazarin, consecrated the complete success of the French policy and the definitive decline of Spain. On July 9, 1660, King Louis XIV married Maria Teresa de Austria, infanta of Spain, in fulfillment of one of the conditions of the treaty. On February 8, 1661, the cardinal, gravely ill, was transported to Vincennes at his request. From March 3 to 7, 1661, he composed his testament leaving eighteen diamonds to the French crown; two million lire were destined to the foundation of the Collége des Quatre Nations, to which he annexed a library of 50,000 volumes.

Death. March 9, 1661, château de Vincennes. Buried in the chapel of Collège des Quatre Nations, which he founded and is now the Institut de France. Inspired by his confessor, the Italian Theatine Angelo Bissaro, he named King Louis XIV as his universal heir, but the king refused the legacy and Cardinal Mazarin's fortune returned to the family, mainly to his adopted nephew Charles-Armand de La Porte, marquis de La Meilleraye, who assumed the name of Mazarin.

Bibliography. Bechet, Antoine; Gazeazzo Gualdo Priorato, conte. Histoire du ministère du Cardinal Mazarin, sous le regne de Louys XIV, roy de France, & de Navarre. [S.l. : s.n.], 1668, Google Books; Bertière, Simone. Mazarin; le maître du jeu. Paris : Éditions De Fallois, 2007; Chéruel. Histoire de France sous le ministère de Mazarin (1651-1661). 3 vols. Paris, 1883; Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, VII, 14-18; Colquhoun-Grant. Queen and Cardinal. London, 1906; Hassall. Mazarin. London, 1903; Gauchat, Patritium. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IV (1592-1667). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1935; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1967, pp. ; Lettres de Mazarin à la reine, écrites durant sa retraite hors de France en 1651 et 1652. Edited by Ravenel. Paris, 1836; Lettres du Cardinal Mazarin pendant son ministère. Edited by Chéruel and D'Avenel. 9 vols. Paris, 1872-1906; Perkins. France under Mazarin. 2 vols. New York, 1886; Rivera, Giuseppe. Memorie biografiche dei cardinali Abruzzesi. Aquila : Tipografia G. Mele, 1924, pp. 121-130.

Webgraphy. Biography by Olivier Poncet - Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 72 (2008), Treccani; biography by Georges Goyau, in English, The Catholic Encyclopedia; portrait and biography, in English, Encyclopaedia Britannica; his tomb in the Institut de France, Paris; his bust, 17th Century French School, Châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon, France; Bibliothèque Mazarine, Paris; his engraving at the entrance of the Mazarin Gallery, by Robert Nanteuil and Pierre Van Schuppen; his engraving by Robert Nanteuil, Wikimedia; another engraving by the same artist, Drawings and Prints.

(1) Cardinal Richelieu had requested, in the name of the king of France, the promotion to the cardinalate of Father François de Leclerc du Tremblay, O.F.M.Cap., also known as Père Joseph. When he died on December 17, 1638, the prime minister supported and requested the promotion of Mazarin to the cardinalate.
(2) The relations between Cardinal Mazarin and Queen Anne of Austria are an enigma. The cardinal's biography in the site of The Catholic Encyclopedia, linked above, indicates that she was very attached to the cardinal and says that some historians even believe that they were secretly married although others deny it.

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(56) 11. ORSINI, Virginio (1615-1676)

Birth. January 17, 1615, palace of Montegiordano, Rome. Of an ancient and noble family. Of the dukes of Bracciano. Son of Ferdinando Orsini and Giustiniana Orsini, of the branch of Sangemini. He was baptized the following May 30 in the church of S. Eustachio. The family gave the church several popes and cardinals: Celestine III (1191-1198); Nicholas III (1277-1280); Benedict XIII (1724-1730); Matteo Orsini (1262); Latino Malabranca Orsini, O.P. (1278); Giordano Orsini (1278); Napoleone Orsini (1288); Francesco Napoleone Orsini (1295); Giovanni Gaetano Orsini (1316); Matteo Orsini, O.P. (1327); Rinaldo Orsini (1350); Giacomo Orsini (1371); Poncello Orsini (1378); Tommaso Orsini (1383?); Giordano Orsini, iuniore (1405); Latino Orsini (1448); Cosma Orsini, O.S.B. (1480); Giovanni Battista Orsini (1483); Franciotto Orsini (1517); Flavio Orsini (1565); Alessandro Orsini (1615); and Domenico Orsini d'Aragona (1743).

Education. He received a literary education and composed verses.

Early life. He resigned his primogeniture in his youth. His uncle, Paolo Giordano II, duke of Bracciano, obtained for him when he was eight years old, the title of abbot of of the Order of the Knights of Malta, with which he always indicated in the correspondence before his promotion to the cardinalate.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of December 16, 1641; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Maria in Portico Octaviae, February 10, 1642. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria Nuova, November 10, 1642. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria in Cosmedin, March 14, 1644. Did not participate in the conclave of 1644, which elected Pope Innocent X. Opted for the deaconry of S. Eustachio, July 21, 1653. Participated in the conclave of 1655, which elected Pope Alexander VII. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria in Via Lata, March 6, 1656. Cardinal protodeacon. Opted for the order of priests and the title of S. Maria degli Angeli, October 11, 1666. Participated in the conclave of 1667, which elected Pope Clement IX. Opted for the title of S. Prassede, November 14, 1667. Opted for the title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, January 30, 1668. Cardinal protoprete. Participated in the conclave of 1669-1670, which elected Pope Clement X; he was absent from January 24 to 27; he left the conclave on February 27.

Priesthood. Ordained, March 1662.

Episcopate. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Albano, March 18, 1671. Consecrated, March 30, 1671, collegiate church of Santo Stefano di Bracciano, Rome, by Cardinal Giulio Spinola, assisted by Federico Baldeschi, titular archbishop of Cesarea, and by Scipioni Martini, former bishop of Marcana. Opted for the suburbicarian see of Frascati, January 28, 1675. Did not participate in the conclave of 1676, which elected Pope Innocent XI. Died in his Roman residence during its celebration.

Death. August 21, 1676, at 3 a.m., in his palace in Monte Giordano, Rome, during the sede vacante. Transferred to Bracciano, and was buried in the Augustinian church of S. Maria Novella.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, VII, 18-19; Gauchat, Patritium. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IV (1592-1667). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1935; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1967, pp. .

Webgraphy. Biography by Irene Fosi - Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 79 (2013), Treccani; Orsini family by Johann Peter Kirsch, in English, The Catholic Encyclopedia; biography, in Italian, diocese di Frascati; his engraving and arms, Araldica Vaticana; his tomb, Requiem Datenbank.

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(57) 12. ESTE, Rinaldo d' (1618-1672)

Birth. 1618, Modena. Of the dukes of Modena. Seventh of the fourteen children of Alfonso III, duke of Modena, and Princess Isabella of Savoy. The other children were Cesare (1609-1613; Francesco I Duke of Modena and Reggio (1610-1658); Obizzo (1611-1644), bishop of Modena (1640-1644); Cesare (1614-1677); Alessandro (1615-1615); Carlo Alessandro (1616-1679); Filiberto (1623-1645); Bonifazio (1624-1624); Caterina, a nun (1613-1628); Margherita (1619-1692), married Ferdinando III Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla, in 1647; Beatrice (1620-1620); Beatrice (1622-1623); Anna Beatrice (1626-1690), married Alessandro II Pico della Mirandola in 1656. Uncle of Cardinal Rinaldo d'Este (1686). Other cardinals of the family are Ippolito I d'Este (1493); Ippolito II d'Este (1538); Luigi d'Este (1561); and Alessandro d'Este (1599). His first name is also listed as Reynard

Education. Studied in Modena.

Early life. At a very young age started a promising military career but later felt and answered the calling to the ecclesiastic state.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of December 16, 1641. Participated in the conclave of 1644, which elected Pope Innocent X. Received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Maria Nuova, November 28, 1644. Opted for the deaconry of S. Nicola in Carcere, December 12, 1644. His brother, Duke Francesco I of Modena, asked him to rule the duchy while he fought the Spaniards in 1647.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Reggio Emilia, December 5, 1650. Consecrated, November 19, 1651, cathedral of Modena, by Roberto Fontana, bishop of Modena, assisted by Maffeo Vitale, bishop of Mantova, and by Filippo Casoni, bishop of Borgo San Donnino. Participated in the conclave of 1655, which elected Pope Alexander VII. Again, ruled the duchy in 1655, although unwillingly because he did not want to be away from his diocese. Resigned the government of the diocese, April 23, 1660 (1). Abbot commendatario of Cluny from 1661 until his death; of St Waast, Arras, and of several other abbeys in France (2) and Italy. Cardinal protodeacon, October 1666 (3). Participated in the conclave of 1667, which elected Pope Clement IX. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Pudenziana, March 12, 1668. Participated in the conclave of 1669-1670, which elected Pope Clement X. Opted for the title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, March 18, 1671. Cardinal protoprete. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Palestrina, August 24, 1671.

Death. September 30, 1672, Modena. Buried in the church of the Capuchins, burial place of the dukes of Modena. Transferred to the mortuary chapel of the family built in 1838 by Duke Francesco IV d'Austria d'Este next to the parish church of S. Vincenzo Martire in Modena.

Bibliography. Bernabei, Nicola. Vita del Cardinale Giovanni Morone, vescovo di Modena e biografie dei cardinali modenesi e di Casa d'Este, dei cardinali vescovi di Modena e di quelli educati in questo Collegio di San Carlo. Modena : Tipografica Rossi, 1885, pp. 258-261; Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, VII, 19-21; Este, Rinaldo. Memoires de monsieur le cardinal Reynard d'Este, protecteur & directeur des affaires de France en cour de Rome. Depuis l'an 1657 jusques au dernier de Septembre 1673 . où on void tout ce qui s'est passé de remarquable, tant à Rome qu'en d'autres lieux. Premiere et seconde] parties. Cologne : Henry Demen, 1677; Gauchat, Patritium. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IV (1592-1667). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1935; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1967, pp. .

Webgraphy. His portrait, family arms and biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; his portrait and biography, in English, Wikipedia; his genealogy, A1, B7, C2, D1, E7, Genealogy EU by Miroslav Marek; his genealogy, Partie 3, 1, B. f. Génélogies Royales et Princières; his engraving, arms and portraits, Araldica Vaticana; his engraving, pinterest.com; his engraving, British Museum, London; his engraving, allposter.com; his tomb, Requiem Datenbak.

(1) According to Bernabei, Vita del Cardinale Giovanni Morone, vescovo di Modena e biografie dei cardinali modenesi e di Casa d'Este, dei cardinali vescovi di Modena e di quelli educati in questo Collegio di San Carlo, pp. 259-260, King Louis XIV, after he resigned the see of Reggio Emilia, nominated him bishop of Montpellier and that Pope Innocent X asked him to resign shortly after. This contradicts Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IV, 248, which in the list of bishops of that diocese indicates that François de Bosquet occupied the see from 1656 until his death in 1676 and makes no mention of Cardinal d'Este. Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, VII, 20, says that King Louis XIV nominated him to Montpellier in 1652 but that he had to decline because Pope Innocent X never issued the bull of election because he did not want the cardinal to occupy two dioceses at the same time.
(2) He had those abbeys as protector of France, a traditional post in his family, which made him head of the French party in the Sacred College of Cardinals.
(3) As protodeacon, he retained his deaconry and did not opt for the one of S. Maria in Via Lata as it was customary for the occupants of that post.

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