(108) 1. BENAVIDES Y NAVARRETE, O.S. Iacobis, Francisco de Paula
(1810-1895)

Birth. May 14 (1), 1810, in the Palace of Jabalquinto of Baeza, diocese of Jaén, Spain. Of a noble and wealthy family. Youngest of the five children of Manuel de Benavides y Rodriguez-Zambrana and Francisca de Paula Navarrete y Fonseca. His mother's last name is also listed as Fernández Navarrete. The other siblings were Antonio (a minister to Queen Isabel II of Spain), María del Carmen, Trinidad and Manuel.

Education. Studied three years of philosophy and two of theology at the Seminary of San Felipe de Neri in Baeza, 1822-1827; then, in 1827, he transferred to Colegio de San Bartolomé y Santiago in Granada, where he earned a licentiate (bachiller) in theology from the Faculty of Granada on June 16, 1829; then studied canon law until 1832. In that same year, in the monastery of Uclés, Cuenca, he entered the Military Order of the Knights of Santiago; there, he did his novitiate and made his profession; then, he went to Colegio del Rey, in Salamanca, of the Order, where he studied for a year, completing his formation, probably obtaining a doctorate in theology. He received the sacred orders from the prelate prior of the Order of the Knights Santiago. On December 2, 1846, he obtained a bachelor's in philosophy from the Institute of Jaén.

Priesthood. Ordained, 1836 (2), by the prelate prior of the Order of the Knights of Santiago. Professor of theology at the University of Granada; curate in Colmenar de Oreja from 1836 to 1840. In Baeza, from 1840 until 1847, he was professor of religion and morals at the Institute of Secondary Studies; and professor and rector of its seminary. Archdeacon of Ubeda in 1847; archpriest of the cathedral chapter of Jaén; royal preacher supernumerary in 1851; and dean of the cathedral chapter of Córdoba in 1853.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Sigüenza, December 21, 1857. Consecrated, Sunday, March 14, 1858, in the church of the Señoras Comendadoras de Santiago, Madrid, by Cirilo de Alameda y Brea, O.F.M., archbishop of Toledo, assisted by José de los Rios Lamadrid, bishop of Lugo, and by Vicente Benigno Carrión, O.F.M.Cap., bishop of Puerto Rico. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, February 10, 1860. Decorated with the grand cross of the Order of Isabel la Católica, May 9, 1863. Participated in the First Vatican Council, 1869-1870. Resigned the pastoral government of the diocese of Sigüenza on May 31, 1875. Promoted to the titular patriarchate of the West Indies and named royal chaplain and royal almoner on July 5, 1875.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 12, 1877; received the red hat and the title of S. Tommaso in Parione, June 25, 1877. Participated in the conclave of 1878, which elected Pope Leo XIII. Opted for the title of S. Pietro in Montorio, February 28, 1879. Decorated with the grand cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefan, 1879. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Zaragoza, May 13, 1881. He presided over the Congreso Católico Nacional Español celebrated in Zaragoza in 1891. Member of the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language and of the Royal Academy of History.

Death. March 30, 1895, Zaragoza. Exposed in the metropolitan cathedral of Zaragoza and buried in the basilica of Our Lady of El Pilar, Zaragoza. Upon his death, he left no possessions, having distributed them all in life through alms and charities. There is a street named after him in Baeza, his native city.

Bibliography. "Benavides y Navarrete, Francisco de Paula." Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana. 70 vols. Madrid : Espasa-Calpe, 1958, c1907?-1930, VIII, 27; "Francesco di Paola Benavides y Navarrete" in "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903. Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 196; Guitarte Izquierdo, Vidal. Episcopologio Español (1700-1867). Españoles obispos en España, América, Filipinas y otros países. Rome : Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica, 1994. (Publicaciones del Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica; Subsidia; 29), p. 199; LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des cardinaux du XIXe siècle : contribution à l'histoire du Sacré Collège sous les pontificats de Pie VII, Léon XII, Pie VIII, Grégoire XVI, Pie IX et Léon XIII, 1800-1903. Montréal : Wilson & Lafleur, 2007. (Collection Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), p. 137-139; Orive, Aniceto. "Benavides y Navarrete, Francisco de Paula." Diccionario de Historia Eclesiástica de España. Dirigido por Quintín Aldea Vaquero, Tomás Marín Martínez, José Vives Gatell. Madrid : Instituto Enrique Flórez, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1972-1975. 4 vols., and supplement, 1987, I, 204-205; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 21, 52, 53, 166, 321 and 510.

Webgraphy. Biography by Vicente Cárcel Ortí, in Spanish, Diccionario Biográfico Español, DB~e; biography, in Spanish, Wikipedia; Breve estudio sobre la vida del Cardenal Benavides by Enrique Calvo Meseguer, Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, n. 162, 1, 1996 , pp. 553-586; D. Francisco de P. Benavides Fernandez in Noticias y documentos para la historia de Baeza (Baeza : Estab. Tip. de los señores Rubio, 1884) by Fernando de Cózar Martínez, pp. 321-324; engravings and photograph, Araldica Vaticana; his portrait, todocoleccion.net, Zoconet; his genealogy, Geneall; Oración fúnebre, que por encargo de la Real Academia Española: y en las honras de Miguel de Cervantes y demás ingenios españoles, pronunció en la Iglesia de Monjas Trinitarias de Madrid, el día 23 de abril de 1863, el ilmo. sr. d. Francisco de Paula Benavides y Navarrete, Google Books; Episcopologio, diócesis de Sigüenza-Guadalajara; Episcopologio, archidiócesis de Zaragoza; Vicarios Generales Castrenses, Arzobispado Castrense de España.

(1) This is according to all the sources consulted except Guitarte, Episcopologio Español (1700-1867), p. 199; and LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des cardinaux du XIXe siècle, which say that he was born on May 11, 1810.
(2) This is according to all the sources consulted except Calvo Meseguer, Breve estudio sobre la vida del Cardenal Benavides, p. 557, linked above, that says he was ordained in 1834.

(109) 2. APUZZO, Francesco Saverio
(1807-1880)

Birth. April 6, 1807, Naples. Only son of Raffaele Apuzzo and Maddalena Cosenza. His first names was Francesco Saverio Maria. Received the sacrament of confirmation on June 3, 1816. Cousin of Cardinal Giuseppe Consenza (1850).

Education. He studied at the Seminary of Pozzuoli (1814-1823); then, studied philosophy and mathematics with Canon Lucignano in Naples. At the end of the studies, he expressed his desire to be ordained a priest, overcoming his father's opposition. Obtained a doctorate in theology in 1831.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 18, 1830. Professor of dogmatic theology from November 26, 1833. Tutor of the children of King Ferdinand II of Sicily, February 1842. President of the General Council of Public Institutions, July 9, 1849. Examiner of the clergy of Naples. Lector of theology, Royal University of Naples; later, prefect of the university.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Anastasiopoli, January 19, 1854. Consecrated, March 12, 1854, in the cathedral of Capua, by Cardinal Giuseppe Cosenza, archbishop of Capua the names of the co-consecrators are unknown. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Sorrento, March 23, 1855, after having been presented by the king of the Two Sicilies; he received the pallium on the same day. After the invasion of Sicily by the troops of Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1860, he spent some time in exile in Rome. Consultor of the S.C. of the Apostolic Visit. Elected member of the Accademia della Religione Cattolica in 1862. Participated in the First Vatican Council, 1869-1870; he was not enthusiastic about the dogmatic definition of papal infallibility but did not vote against it. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Capua, November 24, 1871.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 12, 1877; received the red hat, March 15, 1877; and the title of S. Onofrio, March 20, 1877. Participated in the conclave of 1878, which elected Pope Leo XIII.

Death. July 30, 1880, Capua. Exposed in the metropolitan cathedral and buried in that city's cemetery. On July 30,1913, his remains were exhumed, together with those of his cousin Cardinal Giuseppe Consenza, and brought to the metropolitan cathedral of Capua for burial, through the initiative of Archbishop Gennaro Cosenza of Capua, in a solemn and moving ceremony (1).

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 174; Ferdinando, King of Naples ; Apuzzo, Francesco Saverio Maria. Il celeberrimo Catechismo filosofico da Re Ferdinando II. e da monsignore F. S. Apuzzo, arcivescovo di Sorrento : collaborato all'uso del principe ereditario e del fedelissimo popolo delle due Sicilie. Napoli : S. De Marco, 1861; Ianniello, Antonio. Religione e politica nell'episcopato del cardinale Apuzzo (Capua 1871-1880). Napoli : Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 1999. (Chiese del Mezzogiorno, 9); LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des cardinaux du XIXe siècle : contribution à l'histoire du Sacré Collège sous les potificats de Pie VII, Léon XII, Pie VIII, Grégoire XVI, Pie IX et Léon XIII, 1800-1903. Montréal : Wilson & Lafleur, 2007. (Collection Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), p. 104-105; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 22, 48, 98, 180 and 530.

Webgraphy. Biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; portrait and biography by Eman Bonnici, in English, Find a Grave; Elogio funebre dell'eminentissimo e reverendissimo cardinale Francesco Saverio Apuzzo, arcivescovo di Capua, recitato nella chiesa del Gesù Vecchio nel dì 2 settembre 1880, dall'illustrissimo e reverendissimo monsignor Tommaso Michele Salzano, dell'Ordine dei Predicatori, Arcivescovo di Edessa, ecc. ecc. Cui accedunt in scriptiones a Cajetano Barbato Metrop: Eccl: Canonicao Lucubratae. Napoli : Tip. Gargiulo, [1880?].

(1) This is the text of the inscription on his monument, kindly provided by Mr. Eman Bonnici, from Malta:

(110) 3. GARCÍA GIL, O.P., Manuel
(1802-1881)

Birth. March 14, 1802, San Salvador de Gamba (or Camba), diocese of Lugo, Spain. From a family of prosperous farmers. Received the sacrament of confirmation, July 20, 1802.

Education. Studied at the Seminary of Lugo. Entered the Order of Preachers, when he was already a deacon, at the Dominican convent of Lugo in 1826; received his formation in Dominican houses of study.

Priesthood. Ordained, March 10, 1827. Professor of theology in the Dominican convents of Lugo and Santiago de Compostela; professor of theology and master of studies, Dominican convent of Oviedo. The law of secularization promulgated by the Spanish government in 1836 forced him to leave his convent and reside in Lugo; vice rector of its seminary and reorganized its plan of studies, 1848.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Badajoz, December 22, 1853. Consecrated, Sunday, April 23, 1854, cathedral of Lugo, by Miguel García Cuesta, archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, assisted by Santiago Rodríguez Gil, bishop of Lugo, and by Telmo Maceira, bishop of Mondoñedo. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Zaragoza, December 23, 1858. Participated in the First Vatican Council, 1869-1870.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 12, 1877; received the red hat and the title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio, September 21, 1877. Participated in the conclave of 1878, which elected Pope Leo XIII.

Death. April 28, 1881, Zaragoza, following a long and painful illness that held him bedridden in his last months. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Zaragoza (1).

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 175; Fraile, G. "García Gil, Manuel, OP." Diccionario de Historia Eclesiástica de España. Dirigido por Quintín Aldea Vaquero, Tomás Marín Martínez, José Vives Gatell. Madrid : Instituto Enrique Flórez, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1972-1975. 4 vols., and supplement, 1987, III, 974 Guitarte Izquierdo, Vidal. Episcopologio Español (1700-1867). Españoles obispos en España, América, Filipinas y otros países. Rome : Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica, 1994. (Publicaciones del Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica; Subsidia; 29), p. 196; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 22, 53, 166 and 433.

Webgraphy. Biography by Vicente Cárcel Ortí, in Spanish, Diccionario Biográfico Español, DB~e; biography, in Spanish, Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa; biography, in Italian, Wikipedia.

(111) 4. HOWARD OF NORFOLK, Edward Henry
(1829-1892)

Birth. February 13, 1829, Hainton, Nottingham, England. Son of Edward Giles Howard (1805-1840), a military man, nephew of the twelfth duke of Norfolk, and Frances Anne Heneage (1804-1869). Second member of the noble family of the dukes of Norfolk to become a cardinal, the first one being Cardinal Philip Thomas Howard of Norfolk, O.P. (1675).

Education. Studied at Oscott College; at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland; at the Venerable English College, Rome, 1854; at the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Noble, Rome, 1854 (diplomacy); and at Collegio Romano, 1854-1858, where he earned doctorates in theology and canon law. Proficient in six languages, among them several Oriental.

Early life. Commission Second Life Guards. Chosen to command the squadron of the guards in the military procession at the funeral of the Duke of Wellington, 1852. Resigned his commission to follow his ecclesiastical vocation.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 8, 1854, Venerable English College, Rome, by Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman, archbishop of Westminster. He learned Arabic, Coptic, Hindustani, and Russian, and became an accomplished linguist. For about a year, he was papal envoy to Goa, India, to negotiate between the British and the Portuguese authorities the settlement of the problems concerning the ecclesiastical government of the Province of Goa. He wanted to become a missionary in the East but the pope insisted that he stay in Rome. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, 1863. Pastoral ministry in Rome as confessor of the poor and the soldiers. Vicar of the archpriest of the patriarchal Vatican basilica. Consultor of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide for the Oriental Rite. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace. Consultor of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide for the affairs of Oriental rites, 1867-1877. Vicar of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, September 4, 1870.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Neocesarea and appointed suffragan of Frascati, June 25, 1872. Consecrated, June 30, 1872, patriarchal Vatican basilica, Rome, by Carlo Sacconi assisted by Salvatore Nobili Vitelleschi, titular archbishop of Seleucia, and by François-Xavier Frédéric de Mérode, titular archbishop of Melitene.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 12, 1877; received the red hat, March 15, 1877; and the title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, March 20, 1877. Participated in the conclave of 1878, which elected Pope Leo XIII. On March 24, 1878, he was appointed protector of the Venerable English College; at his death, he left his magnificent library to the college. Named archpriest of the patriarchal Vatican basilica and prefect of the S.C. of the Reverend Fabric of St. Peter's on December 12, 1881. Opted for the order of bishops and the suburbicarian see of Frascati, March 24, 1884. Stricken with severe illness in 1887, was taken to England in the spring of 1888, living in strict seclusion in Brighton until his death.

Death. September 16, 1892, of pneumonia, Hatch Beauchamp, Brighton. Exposed in the Fitzalan chapel, St. Philip parish church, Arundel, and buried on October 1 in his family's tomb in that chapel; his coffin measured 7 ft. 6 in. A memorial for Cardinal Howard was erected in the Fitzalan Chapel (1).

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 192; Baxter, Dudley. England's cardinals. With an appendix showing the reception of the sacred pallium by the archbishops of Canterbury and Westminster. London : Burns & Oates, 1903, pp. 82-85; Bellenger, Dominic Aidan, and Stella Fletcher. Princes of the Church. A history of the English cardinals. Gloucestershire : Sutton Publishing, 2001, pp. 133-134; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 22, 45, 48 and 406; Weber, Christoph. Kardinäle und Prälaten in den letzten Jahrzehnten des Kirchenstaates : Elite-Rekrutierung, Karriere-Muster u. soziale Zusammensetzung d. kurialen Führungsschicht zur Zeit Pius' IX. (1846-1878). Stuttgart : Hiersemann, 1978. (Päpste und Papsttum; Bd. 13, I-II), II, 474-475, 747 and 761.

Webgraphy. Biography, in English, New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge; biography, in Italian, diocese of Frascati; engravings and portrait, Araldica Vaticana; his memorial tablet of black marble and brass showing the Howard arms under a cardinal's hat designed by Dr. William Kelly, Arundel Castle, PicturesOfEngland.com; his portrait attributed to the Italian School, The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, The Public Catalogue Foundation, BBC.

(1) This is the text of the inscription in the memorial, kindly provided by Mr. Eman Bonnici, from Malta:

(112) 5. PAYÁ Y RICO, Manuel
(1811-1891)

Birth. December 20, 1811, Benejama (1), archdiocese of Valencia, Spain. Eldest child of Miguel Payá Barceló (+1820) and Rosa Rico Juan (1788?-1862), well-to-do farmers. He was baptized in the church of San Juan Bautista in Benejama with the names Miguel Antonio Domingo. At the death of his father in May 1820, the family moved to Onil, from where his mother was originally. In 1827, the family moved to Valencia.

Education. Primary studies at Biar and Onil; then, attended Colegio del Patriarca, Valencia (becario); and later, the University of Valencia, where he obtained doctorates in philosophy, and theology in 1836.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 24, 1836. In the archdiocese of Valencia, pastoral work, and professor of its university and central seminary, for twenty four years; taught metaphysics, literature, history, mathematics, and theology; in 1841, pastor of the parish of Benejama, where he restored the church; beneficiary of the cathedral chapter, 1844; founder of the newspaper El Eco de la Religión, 1845; lectoral canon of the cathedral chapter, 1857.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Cuenca, June 25, 1858. Consecrated, Sunday, September 12, 1858, cathedral of Valencia, by Pablo García Abella, Orat., archbishop of Valencia, assisted by José Domingo Costa Borrás, archbishop of Tarragona, and by Manuel López Santisteba, former bishop of Avila. His episcopal motto was Fraternitatem Diligite Deum. Participated in the First Vatican Council, 1869-1870. In 1870, he earned his fame as a theologian with his speech at the Council, where he defended the infallibility of the pope as a dogma of faith his speech was published in Cuenca in 1873. Elected senator for Vizcaya, 1871. He confronted the Carlistas when they occupied Cuenca in 1873. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Santiago de Compostela, January 16, 1874.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 12, 1877; received red hat and the title of Ss. Quirico e Giulitta, June 25, 1877. Participated in the conclave of 1878, which elected Pope Leo XIII. During his episcopate in Santiago de Compostela, the remains of Santiago Apóstol (Saint James the Apostle), which had been hidden in the 16th century for fear of incursions by the English pirate Sir Francis Drake on the Galician coast, were rediscovered inside the main altar of the metropolitan cathedral of Santiago. The cardinal commissioned the University of Santiago de Compostela to analyze the remains. During his stay in Santiago, he also restored the cathedral. Transferred to the primatial and metropolitan see of Toledo and the titular patriarchate of the West Indies, June 7, 1886. In 1886, he baptized King Alfonso XIII of Spain. During his episcopate in Toledo, the Conjo Asylum and the Seminary of Toledo were constructed.

Death. December 25 (2), 1891, Toledo. Exposed and buried in front of Capilla del Sagrario, in the metropolitan cathedral of Toledo (3) and (4). A bust in his memory was erected in the church of San Juan Bautista in Benejama, (Beneixama), Alicante, where he was baptized.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 190; Guitarte Izquierdo, Vidal. Episcopologio Español (1700-1867). Españoles obispos en España, América, Filipinas y otros países. Rome : Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica, 1994. (Publicaciones del Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica; Subsidia; 29), p. 200; Martín Tejedor, J. "Payá y Rico, Miguel." Diccionario de Historia Eclesiástica de España. Dirigido por Quintín Aldea Vaquero, Tomás Marín Martínez, José Vives Gatell. Madrid : Instituto Enrique Flórez, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1972-1975. 4 vols., and supplement, 1987, III, 1951; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 22, 55, 219, 220 and 558.

Webgraphy. Biography by Pilar Tormo Martín de Vidales, in Spanish, Diccionario Biográfico Español, DB~e; his portrait and biographical data, in Spanish, Un Arzobispo atrevido y un Canónigo rebelde; engravings, portraits and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

(1) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 220; Guitarte, Episcopologio Español (1700-1867), p. 200, says that he was born in Benegida, which is probably a misnomer. He spent his childhood in Onil, locality of origin of his family.
(2) This is according to all the sources consulted; Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 22, adds that others, which he does not mention, say that he died on December 24, 1891.
(3) This is the inscription on his tomb, kindly provided by Mr. Eman Bonnici, from Malta:

(113) 6. CAVEROT, Louis-Marie-Joseph-Eusèbe
(1806-1887)

Birth. May 26, 1806, Joinville, diocese of Langres, France. Son of Claude Marie Caverot (+1838) and Anne-Marguerite Noël (+1847), from Neufchâteau. He had an older sister, Octavie. He was baptized the same day of his birth. His father was a conservator of mortgages (sort of registrar), originally from Nuits en Rivière (+1847). His family moved to Châtillon sur Seine (Burgundy) in 1811, where his father held the aforementioned position. His father was one of the hostages who volunteered to guarantee the fidelity of King Louis XVI, and spent the time of Terror in prison, being released under the Directory.

Education. He studied initially at the Troyes College (1816-1818); then, at the Châtillon College (1818-1821); and at the Jesuit colleges of Saint-Acheul (1821-1824), where he obtained a bachelor's degree in Letters (1824); and of Dole (1824-1825). He went to Paris, where he began law studies before entering in 1828 the Saint-Sulpice Seminary.

Priesthood. Ordained, March 19, 1831. In the archdiocese of Besançon, metropolitan vicar for three years; pastor for six years; canon of the cathedral chapter for five years; vicar general for nearly three years.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Saint-Dié, April 20, 1849. Consecrated, July 22, 1849, cathedral of Bensançon, by Jacques-Marie-Adrien-Césaire Mathieu, archbishop of Besançon, assisted by Bénigne du Trousset d'Héricourt, bishop of Autun, and by François-Victor Rivet, bishop of Dijon. His episcopal motto was Dilectione et Pace. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Lyon, July 26 (1),1876.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 12, 1877; received red hat and the title of S. Silvestro in Capite, June 25, 1877. Participated in the conclave of 1878, which elected Pope Leo XIII. Opted for the title of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio, March 24, 1884.

Death. January 23 (2), 1887, Lyon. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Lyon.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 183; Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 225-226; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 22, 52, 53, 241 and 354.

Webgraphy. His engraving, medal, arms and biography, in French, Wikipédia; his photograph by Jean-Gilles Berizzi, Paris, musée d'Orsay; engraving, photographs and arms, Araldica Vattican; Vie du cardinal Caverot, archevêque de Lyon par l'Abbé Jean Déchelette, Prélat de la Maison da Sa Saintité, Vicaire Général de Lyon. Lyon : Librairie Générale Catholique et Classique Emmanuel Vitte, Directeur, Imprimeur de l'Archéveché et des Facultés catholiques, 1890; Oraison funèbre de S. E. le cardinal Caverot, archevêque de Lyon et de Vienne Primat des Gaules Prononcée Dans l'Église primatial de saint-Jean, à Lyon Le 15 mars 1887 par Mgr Gaspard Mermillod Évêque de Lausanne et de Genève. Lyon Imprimerie et Librairie Vitte et Perrussel Imprimeurs de l'Archéveché des Facultés Catholique de Lyon. 3, Place Bellecour et Rue Condé, 30, 1887. Tous droits réservés.

(1) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 354; Chapeau, Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973, pp. 225-226, says that he was promoted on June 26, 1876.
(2) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 354; and Chapeau, Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973, pp. 225-226; "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, p. 183, says that he died on January 24, 1887.

(114) 7. DI CANOSSA, Luigi
(1809-1900)

Birth. April 20 (1), 1809, Verona. Of a noble family. Eldest son of Marquis Bonifacio Vincenzo Baldassare di Canossa (1776-1858), marquis of Canossa, imperial private advisor, and his first wife, Francesca de' Castiglioni (1786-1823). Nephew of Saint Maddalena di Canossa (1774-1835). He is also listed as Canossa, Luigi di.

Education. Initial studies in Verona. Although he frequented the Oratorio of S. Lorenzo as a young man, it was apparently a love break that made him enter the seminary (ca.1832). He left it at the end of 1836 and moved to Rome where he joined the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) on March 25, 1837; took the religious vows in 1839; then studied at Collegio Romano from 1839 until 1841, obtaining a doctorate in theology.

Priesthood. Ordained, 1841, Modena. He taught in Jesuit institutions and preached spiritual exercises in different Italian cities. Prefect of studies at the Jesuit school in Reggio Emilia. Left his order because of illness in 1847, without having taking his final vows as a Jesuit. He was incardinated in the diocese of Verona; canon of its cathedral chapter in 1857; he was in charge of the library and of the diocesan charitable works. Presented for the diocese of Verona by the Austrian emperor on August 24, 1861.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Verona, September 30, 1861. Consecrated, January 23, 1862, cathedral of Verona, by Benedetto Riccabona zu Reinchefels, bishop of Trent, assisted by Manfredo Giovanni Battista Bellati, bishop of Ceneda, and by Giovanni Corti, bishop of Mantua. Participated in the First Vatican Council, 1869-1870. He declined promotion to the metropolitan see of Bologna due to his attachment to the diocese of Verona.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 12, 1877; received red hat, March 15, 1877; and the title of S. Marcello, March 20, 1877. Participated in the conclave of 1878, which elected Pope Leo XIII. He suffered an apoplexy in 1891, which diminished his forces.

Death. March 12, 1900, Verona. Exposed in the cathedral of Verona and buried in that city's cemetery. At the time of his death, he was the oldest cardinal. A monument to his memory was erected on the north wall of the nave of the cathedral of Verona (2)

Bibliography. "Canossa, Luigi di", La Enciclopedia Cattolica, 12 vols. Città del Vaticano: Ente per l'Enciclopedia Cattolica e per il Libro Cattolico, 1949-1954, III, col. 610; "Cardinali defunti", La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 204; LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des cardinaux du XIXe siècle : contribution à l'histoire du Sacré Collège sous les potificats de Pie VII, Léon XII, Pie VIII, Grégoire XVI, Pie IX et Léon XIII, 1800-1903. Montréal : Wilson & Lafleur, 2007. (Collection Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), p. 198-199; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 22, 49 and 587.

Webgraphy. Photographs, arms and biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; photographs and biography, in Italian, Wikiwand; engravings, photographs, arms and statue in his tomb, Araldica Vaticana; Decreto del Vescovo di Verona, con il quale si concede l'utilizzo di alcune insegne prelatizie. In particolare viene concesso durante le sante funzioni l'utilizzo della Mozzetta e del Rocchetto (prerogativa dei parroci della città), 21 Aprile 1887; his monument in Duomo Cattedrale di S.ta Maria Matricolare, Verona; Cronotassi dei vescovi di Verona, Diocesi di Verona; Magdalena of Canossa (1774-1835), vatican.va.

(1) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 587; "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, p. 204, says that he was born on April 30, 1809.
(2) This is the text of the inscription in the monument kindly provided by Mr. Mark West, from London:

(115) 8. SERAFINI, Luigi
(1808-1894)

Birth. June 6 (1), 1808, Magliano Sabina, diocese of Sabina. Of a noble family from Urbino. Son of Giuseppe Serafini and Anna Giorgi. Nephew of Cardinal Giovanni Serafini (1843). Received the sacrament of confirmation, May 16, 1813.

Education. Studied at Collegio di Sabina, (humanities); at Collegio Romano, Rome (philosophy); and at La Sapienza University, Rome, obtaining a doctorate in utroque iuris, both civil and canon law, on April 11, 1832.

Early life. Lawyer of the Roman Curia, July 4, 1836. Relator of the S.C. of the Sacred Consulta for the province of Rieti, January 19, 1843. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, December 18 (2), 1843. Referendary of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Justice, January 11, 1844; auditor, December 21, 1846. Relator of the Sacred Consulta, 1844-1847. Ecclesiastical judge in the civil tribunals, September 27, 1847. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, January 19 (3), 1850. Received the diaconate, August 21, 1853.

Priesthood. Ordained, August 25, 1853, Rome. Regent of the Apostolic Penitentiary, March 28, 1858 to 1870.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Viterbo e Toscanella (now Tuscania), June 27, 1870. Consecrated, July 17, 1870, patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome, by Cardinal Costantino Patrizi Naro, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina, sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, secretary of the Supreme S.C. of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, assisted by Pietro Villanova Castellacci, titular archbishop of Petra di Palaestina, and by Antonio Rossi Vaccari, titular archbishop of Colosso (Rodi).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 12, 1877; received red hat, March 15, 1877; and the title of S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni, March 20, 1877. Participated in the conclave of 1878, which elected Pope Leo XIII. Resigned pastoral government of the diocese of Viterbo, February 20, 1880. Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, May 13, 1884. Prefect of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council and of the S.C. of Ecclesiastical Immunity, July 31, 1885 until June 19, 1893. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, March 14, 1887 to June 1, 1888. Grand chancellor of the Pontifical Equestrian Orders. Opted for the order of bishops and the suburbicarian see of Sabina and perpetual abbot of S. Maria di Farfa, June 1, 1888. Secretary of Apostolic Briefs, June 19, 1893.

Death. February 1, 1894, Rome. Exposed in the church Sacre Stimmata, Rome, and buried in the chapel of the Pontifical Urban Athenaeum of Propaganda Fide, in Campo Verano Cemetery, Rome.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 194; Re, Niccolò del. "I cardinali prefetti della Sacra Congregazione del Concilio dalle origini ad oggi (1564-1964)." Apollinaris, XXXVII (1964), p. 140; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 22, 48, 63 and 593; Weber, Christoph. Kardinäle und Prälaten in den letzten Jahrzehnten des Kirchenstaates : Elite-Rekrutierung, Karriere-Muster u. soziale Zusammensetzung d. kurialen Führungsschicht zur Zeit Pius' IX. (1846-1878). Stuttgart : Hiersemann, 1978. (Päpste und Papsttum; Bd. 13, I-II), II, 519, 747 and 757.

Webgraphy. Biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; engravings, photograph and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

(1) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 593; "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, p. 194; and Weber, Kardinäle und Prälaten in den letzten Jahrzehnten des Kirchenstaates, II, 519, say that he was born on June 7, 1808.
(2) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 593; Weber, Kardinäle und Prälaten in den letzten Jahrzehnten des Kirchenstaates, II, 519, indicates that he was named on December 28, 1843.
(3) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 593; Del Re, "I cardinali prefetti della Sacra Congregazione del Concilio dalle origini ad oggi (1564-1964)." Apollinaris, XXXVII, p. 140, says that he was named on January 28, 1850; and Weber, Kardinäle und Prälaten in den letzten Jahrzehnten des Kirchenstaates, II, 519, indicates that he was named on July 8, 1850.

(116) 9. NINA, Lorenzo
(1812-1885)

Birth. May 12, 1812, Recanati. Of a modest but distinguished family. Son of Angelo Nina, a notary.

Education. Studied at the Seminary of Recanati (letters, philosophy and theology); settled in Rome with an uncle, Giovanni Nina, who was canon and pastor of S. Lorenzo in Damaso and exercised a decisive influence over his nephew; studied at the Pontifical Roman Seminary of S. Apollinare; and also studied at La Sapienza University, Rome, where he obtained doctorates in theology and utroque iure, both canon and civil law.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 1834, when he was twenty two years old; his piety and science earned him the dispensation because of age. He spent the first year of his priesthood assisting his uncle in the parish of S. Lorenzo in Damaso; in 1835, he was named canon of that parish. During the cholera epidemic of 1837, he caught the illness while assisting those who had been infected. Secretary to Msgr. Giovanni Di Pietro, auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota. Auditor of the secretary of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council, Msgr. D. Andrea; later, undersecretary of the congregation from 1853 to 1868; during his tenure, he participated in the elaboration of the concordat between the Holy See and the Austrian Empire. Auditor and counselor of Cardinal Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso. Honorary professor of the Faculty of Law of Seminario Romano, 1853. Chamberlain d'onore in abito paonazo, 1854. Abbreviatore del Parco Maggiore, April 8, 1862 to 1877; dean of Collegio dei Abbreviatori, 1863-1877. Canon of the chapter of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, 1868. Dean of the chapter of the patriarchal Liberian basilica. Protonotary apostolic. Referendary of both Signatures, January 29, 1863. Prefect of the Pontifical Athenaeum of S. Apollinare. Consultor of the S.C. of Rites. Assessor of the S.C. of the Inquisition, March 13, 1868 to 1877. Member of the preparatory commission of the First Vatican Council. Prefect of studies of Seminario Romano, 1875-1877.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of March 12, 1877; received red hat, March 15, 1877; and the deaconry of S. Angelo in Pescheria, March 20, 1877. Prefect of Economy of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide and of the Reverend Chamber of Despoilments, March 26, 1877. Prefect of the S.C. of Studies, October 19, 1877 to August 9, 1878. Participated in the conclave of 1878, which elected Pope Leo XIII. Examinator of the palatine administration on March 15, 1878. Secretary of State, prefect of the Apostolic Palace and administrator of the Wealth of the Holy See on August 9, 1878. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Maria in Trastevere on February 28, 1879. Decorated with the grand cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefan in 1879. Resigned the secretariat of State on December 16, 1880; he was confirmed as prefect of the Apostolic Palace on that same date. Prefect of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council and of the S.C. of Ecclesiastical Immunity, November 7, 1881 until his death. Prefect of the Special Congregation for the Revision of the Provincial Councils. Member of the SS. CC. of the State of Regular, Propaganda Fide, Propaganda Fide for the Affairs of the Oriental Church, Ceremonial, Lauretana, Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs and Studies. Protector of the Abbey of Grottaferrata; of the Congregation of Saint Francis de Sales of Saint John Bosco; of the Monasteri of S. Catarina dei Funari; of the Oblates Convitricci del Santissimo Bambino Gesù; of the Confraternity of the Holy Sepulchre in Macerata; and of that of the Immaculate Conception and S. Rocco in Nomra. Despite having been a long time in weak health, his death came unexpectedly.

Death. July 25, 1885, at 10:15 p.m., in his Roman residence, after having received the sacraments of the Church. He was buried, according to his will, in the chapel of the archconfraternity of the Most Precious Blood, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome. The funeral took place in the church of S. Maria in Trastevere, his title, on July 29, celebrated by Camillo Santori, titular archbishop of Seleucia in Isauria, assisted by the chapter of the church and by papal ceremonieri. In attendance were Cardinals Ludovico Jacobini, secretary of State, Luigi Serafini, Jean-Baptiste-François Pitra, O.S.B., Francesco Ricci Paracciani, Carmine Gori-Merosi, Isidoro Verga and Angelo Bianchi; as well as the French Ambassador, Count Édouard Lefebvre de Béhaine. The final absolution was imparted by Cardinal Carlo Sacconi, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 181-182; LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des cardinaux du XIXe siècle : contribution à l'histoire du Sacré Collège sous les pontificats de Pie VII, Léon XII, Pie VIII, Grégoire XVI, Pie IX et Léon XIII, 1800-1903. Montréal : Wilson & Lafleur, 2007. (Collection Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), p. 684-685; Maccarrone, Michele. "Card, Lorenzo Nina" in La Pontificia Università lateranense : profilo della sua storia, dei suoi maestri, e dei suoi discepoli. Roma : Libreria editrice della Pontificia Università lateranense, 1963, p. 209-210; Martina, Giacomo. "I segretari di Stato della S. Sede. Metodi e risultati di una ricerca", in Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Italie et Méditerranée, CX (1998), 2, pp. 553-568; L'Osservatore Romano [electronic resource]. Città del Vaticano : L'Osservatore Romano, XXV, n. 169 (July 28, 1885), p. 2; and XXV, n. 171 (July 30, 1885), p. 3; Re, Niccolò del. "I cardinali prefetti della Sacra Congregazione del Concilio dalle origini ad oggi (1564-1964)." Apollinaris, XXXVII (1964), pp. 139-140; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 22, 51 and 54; Weber, Christoph. Kardinäle und Prälaten in den letzten Jahrzehnten des Kirchenstaates : Elite-Rekrutierung, Karriere-Muster u. soziale Zusammensetzung d. kurialen Führungsschicht zur Zeit Pius' IX. (1846-1878). Stuttgart : Hiersemann, 1978. (Päpste und Papsttum; Bd. 13, I-II), II, 491-492, 557, 743, 747, 749, 754.

Webgraphy. Biography by Saretta Marotta, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 78 (2013), Treccani; brief biographical data, in German, retro-Bibliothek; portraits, engraving, photograph and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

(117) 10. SBARRETTI, Enea
(1808-1884)

Birth. January 27, 1808, Spoleto. From a family of the small bourgeoisie. Son of Carlo Sbarretti and Maddalena Bonafede. He was baptized on the same of his birth in the Lateran basilica. Uncle of Cardinal Donato Sbarretti (1916).

Education. Studied at La Sapienza University, Rome, where he earned a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, in 1832. He became a distinguished jurisconsult.

Priesthood. Ordained in 1830 for the archdiocese of Spoleto. Secretary and auditor of Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti, archbishop of Spoleto, future Pope Pius IX. Vicar general of Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti, archbishop-bishop of Imola, until 1846. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, 1846; reappointed, December 27, 1847. Secretary of the Council of Ministers, June 10, 1848. Referendary prelate, July 11, 1870. Auditor of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Justice, 1851. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, March 16, 1853 to 1875. He prepared his will on January 12, 1870. Secretary of the S.C. of Bishops and Religious, October 2, 1875 to 1877. Consultor of the S.C. of the Holy Office, 1875-1877. Judge of the Civil Tribunal of Rome. He favored the conciliation with the Kingdom of Italy.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of March 12, 1877; received red hat, March 15, 1877; and the deaconry of S. Maria ad Martyres, March 20, 1877. Participated in the conclave of 1878, which elected Pope Leo XIII. Prefect of the Economy of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide and president of the Reverend Chamber of Despoilments, August 13, 1878 to 1884.

Death. May 1, 1884, at 8:15 p.m., from an attack of cerebral paralysis, after suffering from poor health for several years, in his Roman residence in Palazzo Odescalchi, after receiving the sacraments of Church from Alessio Maria Biffoli, bishop of Fossombrone, former pastor of the parish of S. Marcelo, and the cardinal's confessor. Exposed in the basilica of Ss. XII Apostoli, Rome, where the funeral took place on May 5, at 10 a.m., celebrated by Domenico Maria Jacobini, archbishop of Tiro; the final absolution was imparted by Cardinal Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano. In attendance were Cardinals Flavio Chigi, Giovanni Simeoni, Luigi Serafini, Angelo Bianchi, Lorenzo Ilarione Randi, Tommaso Zigliara, O.P., and Pietro Lasagni. The late cardinal was buried in crypt of the chapel of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome. There is a street named after him in Imola.

Bibliography. Cerchiari, Emmanuele. Capellani papae et apostolicae sedis auditores causarum sacri palatii apostolici : seu sacra Romana Rota ab origine ad diem usque 20 septembris 1870. Relatio historica - iuridica. Syntaxis capellanorum auditorum.. Romae : Typis Polyglotis Vaticanis, 1920, p. 319; "Enea Sbarretti" in "Cardinali defunti", La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 179; LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des cardinaux du XIXe siècle : contribution à l'histoire du Sacré Collège sous les pontificats de Pie VII, Léon XII, Pie VIII, Grégoire XVI, Pie IX et Léon XIII, 1800-1903. Montréal : Wilson & Lafleur, 2007. (Collection Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), p. 853-854; L'Osservatore Romano [electronic resource]. Città del Vaticano : L'Osservatore Romano, XXIV, n. 103 (May 3, 1884), p. 3; and XXIV, n. 105 (May 6, 1875), p. 3; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 22 and 55; Weber, Christoph. Kardinäle und Prälaten in den letzten Jahrzehnten des Kirchenstaates : Elite-Rekrutierung, Karriere-Muster u. soziale Zusammensetzung d. kurialen Führungsschicht zur Zeit Pius' IX. (1846-1878). Stuttgart : Hiersemann, 1978. (Päpste und Papsttum; Bd. 13, I-II), II, 517-518 and 716.

Webgraphy. Biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; Statuto organico del lascito scolastico Sbarretti, in Italian, books.google.

(118) 11. FALLOUX DU COUDRAY, Frédéric de
(1811-1884)

Birth. Saturday August 15, 1811, château du Bourg d'Iré, department of Maine-et-Loire, diocese of Angers, France (1). From a Legitimist bourgeois family which later was elevated to the nobility by King Charles X of France. Son of Count Guillaume de Falloux du Coudray (1774-1850), who was mayor of Bourg d’Iré, and Marchioness Louise Félicité de Fitte de Soucy (1784-1850. His first name is also listed as Ludovic-Frédéric; his last name is also listed as du Coudray de Falloux; and his mother's name is also listed as Loyde. His brother, Count Alfred de Falloux du Coudray, was minister of Public Instruction from 1848 to 1851 and one of the leaders of liberal Catholics during the Second Empire.

Education. Initially, studied in Angers; later, studied law in Paris; then, decided to follow the ecclesiastical career; studied theology at the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Noble, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, 1837, by Cardinal Carlo Odescalchi, bishop of Sabina, and celebrated his first solemn Mass at the church of Santa Sinforosa in Tivoli. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness. Soon after the ordination, he obtained a canonry. Pastoral ministry to the French colony in Rome. Entered the Roman prelature as domestic prelate of His Holiness in May 1838; and as referendary on July 12, 1838. Relator of the S.C. of Good Government from 1839 to 1847; dean of the relator prelates in 1845. Went to Gaeta in 1849 when the pope had to flee to that city because of the Roman Revolution. Canon of the chapter of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, 1849. Secretary of the S.C. of the Discipline of the Regulars and of the Apostolic Visitation from 1851 to 1877. Prelate adjunct of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council from 1852 to 1854. Abbreviatore del Parco Maggiore of the Apostolic Chancery from 1853 to 1861. Regent of the Apostolic Chancery from 1861 to 1877.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of March 12, 1877; received red hat, March 15, 1877; and the deaconry of S. Agata alla Suburra, March 20, 1877. Participated in the conclave of 1878, which elected Pope Leo XIII. Opted for the deaconry of S. Angelo in Pescheria, May 12, 1879. He had a large personal fortune. He assisted the poor and supported a better formation for the clergy, favoring the establishment of the French Seminary in Rome. He left his collection of paintings to Pope Leo XIII.

Death. Sunday June 22, 1884, at 11:55 p.m., in Tivoli (where he used to spend the summer), of an apoplexy; the previous evening he had received the sacrament of confession from Monsignor Paolo Scappaticci, his confessor, who customarily heard his confession every Saturday; on Sunday, he attended mass celebrated by his secretary and at lunch he felt a strong head ache; the parish pastor was called and administered him the extreme unction; his physician, Doctor Bartoli, was summoned by telegram from Rome but was not able to do anything for the patient, who had lost consciousness and passed away. The body was exposed in his residence, where several Masses were celebrated, on June 24; and at 7 p.m., was solemnly transferred to the cathedral. The funeral Mass was celebrated by Placido Petacci, bishop of Tivoli. The late cardinal was buried, temporarily, in the city's cemetery, at the disposition of his brother, Count Alfred de Falloux du Coudray. On Friday June 27, a funeral was celebrated in his deaconry, S. Angelo in Pescheria, in Rome; and on Saturday June 28, a solemn funeral was celebrated in the cathedral of Tivoli. To this day, the body remains in the cemetery of Tivoli.

Bibliography. Boutry, Philippe. Souverain et Pontife : recherches prosopographiques sur la curie romaine à l'âge de la restauration, 1814-1846. Rome : École française de Rome, 2002, p. 551; "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 179-180; LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des cardinaux du XIXe siècle : contribution à l'histoire du Sacré Collège sous les pontificats de Pie VII, Léon XII, Pie VIII, Grégoire XVI, Pie IX et Léon XIII, 1800-1903. Montréal : Wilson & Lafleur, 2007. (Collection Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), p. 330-331; L'Osservatore Romano [electronic resource]. Città del Vaticano : L'Osservatore Romano, XXIV, n. 146 (June 27, 1884), p. 3; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 22 and 54; Weber, Christoph. Kardinäle und Prälaten in den letzten Jahrzehnten des Kirchenstaates : Elite-Rekrutierung, Karriere-Muster u. soziale Zusammensetzung d. kurialen Führungsschicht zur Zeit Pius' IX. (1846-1878). Stuttgart : Hiersemann, 1978. (Päpste und Papsttum; Bd. 13, I-II), II, 462, 748 and 759; Zizzi, Sabrina. "Il cardinale de Falloux Du Coudray (1815-1884) e la donazione della sua raccolta d'arte", in Saggi e memorie di storia dell'arte. Venezia : Istituto di Storia dell'Arte, Fondazione Giorgio Cini, 34 (2010), 151-172; Zizzi, Sabrina. "Un 'dimenticato' monumento funebre nel cimitero comunale di Tivoli" in Atti e Memorie della Società Tiburtina di Storia e d'Arte. Tivoli : Società Tiburtina di storia e d'arte, LXXVII (2004), 255-264; Zizzi, Sabrina. "Il cardinale de Falloux Du Coudray (1815-1884) e la donazione della sua raccolta d'arte", in Saggi e Memorie di Storia dell'Arte. Venezia : Fondazione Giorgio Cini Onlus, XXXIV (2010), 151-172.

Webgraphy. Biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; biography, in English, by Eman Bonnici, Find a Grave; his photograph and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

(1) This is according to all the sources listed in the bibliographical section above. Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques. Paris, 1912- , XVI, 1513, and Dictionnaire de biographie française. Paris, 1913-, XIII, 549, say that he was born on August 15, 1807.

©1998-2023 Salvador Miranda.