Birth. September 3, 1836, Desznica, diocese of Przemysl, Poland, Austrian Empire. Son of Antoni Sembratowicz (1807-1848), a parish priest of the Greek-Ruthenian rite, and Anna z Wisłockich. Nephew of Archbishop Józef Sembratowicz (1821-1900) of Lviv and Halicz of the Greek-Ruthenians. His last name is also listed as Sembratovych. He belonged to the Greek-Ruthenian rite.

Education. Studied at the Greek-Ruthenian College of St. Athanasius, Rome; and at the Pontifical Urban Athenaeum of Propagada Fide, Rome, 1856-1860, where he earned a doctorate in theology in 1861. Received the tonsure, the minor order of lectorate and the subdiaconate on August 31, 1860, from Stefano Missir, titular bishop of Irenopoli in Cilicia (Greek rite) in the church of St. Athanasius of the Greeks church; and the diaconate on September 2, 1860, from the same bishop and in the same church.

Priesthood. Ordained, November 1, 1860, by Stefano Missir, titular bishop of Irenopoli in Cilicia, in the church of St. Athanasius of the Greeks, Rome. Further studies, Rome, 1860-1861. Prefect of studies, Greek-Ruthenian Seminary of Lviv, 1863-1865. Professor of theology, University of Lviv, 1865-1879. Prosynodal examiner.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Juliopolis and appointed auxiliary of Lviv and Halicz of the Greek-Ruthenians, February 28, 1879. Consecrated, April 20, 1879, Ruthenian cathedral, Lviv, by Józef Sembratowicz, archbishop of Lviv and Halicz of the Greek-Ruthenians, assisted by Franciszek Ksawery Wierzchlejski, archbishop of Lviv of the Latins, and by Jan Stupnyckj, bishop of Przemyśl of the Greek-Ruthenians. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Lviv and Halicz of the Greek-Ruthenians, March 27, 1885. He reformed the Basilian Monastic Order; published vernacular prayer books; and celebrated a synod in 1891. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, July 17, 1894.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 29, 1895; received red hat and title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio, June 25, 1896.

Death. August 4, 1898, Lviv. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Lviv.

Birth. July 21, 1839, Marsciano, diocese of Perugia. Of a family of the local patriciate. Son of Domenico Satolli and Domenica Calzini. His eldest brother was Giovanni Battista. His nephew, Ercole, was a priest.

Education. Initial studies in Marsciano; then he entered the Seminary of Perugia in 1853, where he studied humanities, philosophy and theology until 1862; Father Giuseppe Pecci, brother of Pope Leo XIII and future cardinal, was one of his professors; later, he attended La Sapienza University, Rome, where he obtained doctorate in philosophy.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 14, 1862, Perugia, by Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci, bishop of Perugia (future Pope Leo XIII). Further studies in Rome. In the diocese of Perugia, pastoral ministry and professor of letters in its seminary, 1864-1870; pastor in Marsciano, 1870-1872; in Montecassino, 1872-1874. Faculty member, Pontifical Urban College of Propaganda Fide, Rome, 1880-1882; and of the Roman College, Rome, 1882-1884; rector of the Greek-Ruthenian College, Rome, 1884-1886; rector of the Pontifical Academy of Noble Ecclesiastics, Rome, 1886-1888.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Lepanto, June 1, 1888. Consecrated, July 10, 1888, Rome, by Cardinal Raffaele Monaco La Valletta, bishop of Albano, assisted by Raffaele Sirolli, bishop of Aquino, Sora e Pontecorvo, and by Elia Bianchi, bishop of Nicosia. Visited the United States in 1889 to attend the celebrations for the centennial of the establishment of the Catholic hierarchy and the inauguration of the Catholic University of America in Washington. Visited again at the end of 1892 and took up residence at the Catholic University of America, where he gave a course of lectures on the philosophy of St. Thomas. Appointed first apostolic delegate to the United States, January 14, 1893.

Birth. April 30, 1825, Sankt Martin in Passeier, diocese of Trent, Austria.

Education. Studied at the Minor Seminary of Semur in Brionnais until 1850; then at the Benedictine Gymnasium, Meran; at the Lyceum in Innsbruck; at the Seminary of Trent (philosophy and theology). Received the insignias of the clerical character and two of the minor orders (acolyte and lector) on December 8, 1845; the other minor orders (ostiarian and exorcist) on November 29, 1846; the subdiaconate on June 29, 1847; and the diaconate on July 4, 1847.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 21, 1848. For one year, cooperator in Moos; for eleven years, cooperator in the parish of Sarntheim, Trent; for three years, spiritual director of the monastery of Sankt Benedikt in Säben in Brixen; pastor in Layen; pro-vicar of the German portion of the diocese of Trent, 1871-1874.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Adraa and appointed auxiliary of Trent, August 14, 1874. Consecrated, October 14, 1874, metropolitan cathedral of Salzburg, by Cardinal Maximilian Joseph von Tarnóczy, archbishop of Salzburg, assisted by Johannes Jakub della Bona, titular bishop of Tenedo and auxiliary of Salzburg, and by Joseph Mooslechner, dean of the cathedral chapter. Vicar capitular, 1879. Auxiliary of Salzburg and provost of its cathedral chapter, 1880. Elected to the metropolitan see of Salzburg by the cathedral chapter, May 20, 1890, confirmed by the Pope, June 26, 1890. The archbishops of Salzburg have the title of Primas Germaniæ since 1648.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 29, 1895; received red hat and title of S. Bartolommeo all'Isola, June 25, 1896.

Death. April 5, 1900, Salzburg. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Salzburg (1).

Birth. March 29, 1834, parish of La Maddalena, Genoa. Second of the five children of Filippo Gotti, a longshoreman originally from Bergamo, and Caterina Schiappacasse. The other siblings were Lorenzo, Giacomo, Anna and Violante; one of his brothers, a porter in the Genoa harbor, was condemned for homicide. He was baptized on the following day of his birth. His baptismal name was Antonio Giovanni Benedetto. Received the sacrament of confirmation, April 14, 1846.

Education. From 1838 to 1848, he completed his studies liceali (Latin, Greek, grammar, mathematics, physics and music) at the Jesuit school in Genoa, situated in palazzo Doria-Tursi; then, in 1849, he entered the Order of Discalced Carmelites; and received the name religious name Girolamo Maria dell'Immacolata Concezione, November 7, 1850; received the religious habit on the following November 10; on Sunday September 21, 1851, he made the promise of consecrating himself to God with the religious profession; made his religious profession at the Carmelite novitiate of the province of Genoa, Loano, diocese of Albenga, November 12, 1851; he studied philosophy and theology also at Loano, from 1852 to 1856.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 20, 1856, at the cathedral of Albenga, by Raffaele Biale, bishop of Albenga (1). He celebrated his first mass on Christmas Day, at the church of S. Anna, in Genoa. In 1857, he returned to Loano, began his apostolic ministry and continued his literary studies. In November 1858, he became lector of philosophy and published Compendio della vita di S. Giovanni della Croce. On November 9, 1858, he was sent to the convent of S. Anna, Genoa, where he remained until 1868; he taught mathematics and natural science at the Royal School for naval cadets, Genoa, where he distinguished himself for his culture and didactic ability. He was already considered as a tireless student and scholar, as well as an ascetic who, despite the influence he was having, would always sleep on the floor. In 1870, he was called to Rome by the superior general of his order, Father Domenico di San Giuseppe, to be his theologian at the First Vatican Council, 1869-1870; he returned from Rome in September 1870, when Pope Pius IX had to suspend the council sine die because of the occupation of Rome by Italian troops. Elected procurator general of his order on April 21, 1872, at the convent of S. Maria della Scala. Elected superior general of his order, October 1881; because of the hostility of the Italian government, the superior general took the title of commissary general; reelected, May 11, 1889, at the convent of S. Anna, Genoa; during his tenure as superior general, he visited the provinces of Austria, Bavaria, France, Belgium, England, and Ireland, and the Carmelite missions in Syria. Consultor of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, July 10, 1884. Consultor of the S.C. of Bishops and Regulars, 1888. Received from the pope the decoration of the golden cross of Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice on December 30, 1888. Consultor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, April 12, 1889. Apostolic examiner of the Roman clergy, February 3, 1890.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Petra, March 22, 1892. Consecrated, March 27, 1892, Rome, by Cardinal Lucido Maria Parocchi, bishop of Albano and vicar general of Rome, assisted by Antonio Aiuti, titular archbishop of Acrida, secretary of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, and by Augusto Berlucca, titular bishop of Elenopoli. Named internuncio in Brazil on April 19, 1892; arrived in Brazil on June 3, 1892; presented his credentials to the president of Brazil the following June 13. He played an important role in the mediation between the different factions during the civil war that raged in the State of São Paulo. On October 16, 1895, he received the telegram promoting him to the cardinalate. Farewell visit to the president of Brazil, October 21, 1895; departed for Genoa on the ship "Nord-America", October 25, 1895; arrived in Genoa, November 7; left for Rome, November 11.

Birth. July 27, 1829, Paray-le Monial, diocese of Autun, France. Son of Jean Mathieu Barnabé Boyer (ca.1805-1869), originally from Aix, who settled in Paray to work in a carpentry workshop, and Françoise Toullion (+ post 1869). The parents moved to Lambesc (Provence) in 1856.

Education. Studied at the Seminary of Autun.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 23, 1854. Parochial vicar in the diocese of Autun. In the archdiocese of Aix, pastoral work; secretary to the archbishop; professor of dogmatic theology and dean of the theological faculty.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Euroa and appointed coadjutor, with right of succession, of Clermont Ferrand, July 15, 1878, Consecrated, August 24, 1878, cathedral of Aix, by Théodore-Augustine Forcade, archbishop of Aix, assisted by Julien Meirieux, bishop of Digne, and by Adolphe Perraud, bishop of Autun. Succeeded to the see of Clermont Ferrand, December 24, 1879. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Bourges, January 19, 1893.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 29, 1895; received red hat and title of SS. Trintà al Monte Pincio, June 25, 1896.

Death. December 16, 1896, Bourges. Exposed and buried in the vault of the metropolitan cathedral of Bourges (1).

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 209-210.

Birth. November 20, 1827, Bologna. Son of Giuseppe Manara (+ post 1857), originally from Imola, who was a teacher of drawing and painter. Received the sacrament of confirmation, November 11, 1835.

Education. He studied at the Trisi de Lugo school (where his father taught) and then at the Pio Seminary in Rome, where he received a doctorate in theology (July 1851); then, studied at the Seminary of Bologna, where he earned a doctorate in theology on July 11, 1851); and at the University of Bologna, where he obtained a doctorate in utroque iuris, both civil and canon law, on July 6, 1855.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 25, 1850. In the archdiocese of Bologna, 1853-1879, chaplain of the major hospital, 1853; judge of ecclesiastical causes; counselor and chancellor of the ecclesiastical curia; pro-vicar general. Honorary chamberlain of His Holiness.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Ancona e Umana, May 12, 1879. Consecrated, May 22, 1879, church of the Immaculate Conception, Rome, by Cardinal Raffaele Monaco La Valletta, assisted by Giulio Lenti, titular archbishop of Side, auxiliary of Roma, and by Placido Schiaffino, O.S.B., titular bishop of Nissa, president of the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy.

Birth. September 5, 1834, Barcelona, Spain. His father was a cobbler first in Condal Street and then in Canuda Street in Barcelona. His uncle, Ramón Casañas y Casañas (died in 1868), was parish priest of Nuestra Señora del Pi. He was baptized in the parish church of Santa María del Pino, Barcelona, on the following day of his birth.

Education. Studied at the Seminary of Barcelona; in 1848, he brilliantly defended his thesis in philosophy; he also studied at the University of Valencia, where he obtained a licentiate in theology in 1857.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 18, 1858. In the diocese of Barcelona, curate economous of the parish of Santa María del Pino from 1869 until 1876; professor and rector of its seminary; canon administrator of the cathedral chapter. Appointed apostolic administrator, sede plena, of Urgel, January 18, 1879.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Ceramus, February 7, 1879 (1). Consecrated, March 23, 1879, cathedral of Barcelona, by José María Urquinaona y Vidot, bishop of Barcelona, assisted by Tomás Sivilla y Gener, bishop of Gerona, and by Tomás Costa y Fornaguera, bishop of Lérida. Transferred to the see of Urgel, September 22, 1879. Acting apostolic administrator of Andorra, September 22, 1879 until July 27, 1901. Named promotor of the canonical process for the beatification of José Oriol in 1879. In that same year, elected by the bishops of the ecclesiastical province of Tarragona and named by King Alfonso XII, he was proclaimed senator.

Birth. July 25, 1833, Santiago, Chile. Son of Juan Ramón Casanova Opazo and Isabel Casanova Salinas.

Education. Entered the Conciliar Seminary of Santiago, Santiago on July 10, 1846; taught humanities at the seminary from 1852 until 1856. Received the diploma of law in 1851.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 20, 1856. Professor of the Seminary of Santiago, April 8, 1857 until 1868; taught philosophy, theology, morals and canon law. On July 22, 1860 he founded the Academia Literaria de San Agustín, where a large number of the future ecclesiastical writers, orators, and polemicists as well as Chilean parliamentarians were formed. Professor of the Faculty of Theology of the University of Chile, August 1859. Traveled to Europe for a year, 1865-1866; he had an audience with Pope Pius IX. Traveled to Perú as member of the commission in charge of repatriating the remains of General Bernardo O'Higgins, which arrived in Valparaíso on January 13, 1869. Pastor of the parish of Santísimo Salvador in Valparaíso and vicar foráneo, June 22, 1868. Founded the Seminary of Valparaíso, June 2, 1869. Ecclesiastical governor of Valparaíso, November 2, 1872. When Archbishop Rafael Valentín Valdivieso of Santiago died on June 8, 1878, there was a conflict over the appointment of his successor; it lasted until Pope Leo XIII accepted the nomination of Msgr. Casanova made by President José Manuel Balmaceda, who had been his student at Academia San Agustín.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Santiago, December 3, 1886. Consecrated, January 30, 1887, cathedral of Santiago, by Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas, titular bishop of Martiropoli, auxiliary and vicar capitular of Santiago, assisted by Monsignor Jorge Montes, archdeacon, and by Monsignor Miguel Prado, canon of the metropolitan cathedral chapter. One of his first decisions was to send two young seminarians, Gilberto Fuenzalida Guzmán and José María Caro Rodríguez, future first cardinal of Chile, to study at Colegio Pío Latino Americano of Rome. Established the Catholic University of Santiago on June 21, 1888. Also, he founded the Instituto de Humanidades and the Escuela Normal de Preceptores; and ordered the establishment of parochial schools. In a letter dated October 25, 1888, he suggested to Pope Leo XIII the convenience of calling a continental council of all the peoples of Latin America; the letter marked the beginning of the process that culminated with the celebration of the Plenary Council of Latin America in Rome in 1899; dean of the archbishops who attended the council; he presided the first solemn session on May 28, 1899 and the first general congregation on May 29; towards the end of that congregation, he had to leave because of illness, leaving the presidency to Bernardo Herrera Restrepo, archbishop of Bogotá. During the civil war of 1890, he tried to mediate between the parties and avoid bloodshed; he opposed the participation of the clergy in favor of any of the two sides. He visited the ninety parishes of the archdiocese and established thirty two new ones; he restored the cathedral of Santiago, adding to it the chapel of the Most Holy Sacrament; brought to Chile several religious orders such as the Salesians, the Piarists, the Discalced Carmelites, and the Little Sisters of the Poor. Celebrated in 1895 the synod that set up the pastoral guidelines for the archdiocese. In 1898, he conducted the second pastoral visitation to the archdiocese. In 1904, he organized the First National Eucharistic Congress, which was celebrated the following year.

Cardinalate. Pope Leo XIII planned to promote Archbishop Casanova to the cardinalate, but several newspapers and members of the Church of Perú objected, alleging that the primate of South America was the archbishop of Lima and he was the one who should be named cardinal; the Holy See abandoned the idea to avoid a conflict between Perú and Chile (1); they also objected to the celebration of the council in Santiago and, eventually, it was held in Rome. In his last years, he suffered a nervous breakdown that weakened him enormously, eventually confining him to bed for the last month of his life.

Death. May 16, 1908, in Santiago. Buried in the crypt of the archbishopric in the metropolitan cathedral of Santiago (2).

Bibliography. Gaudiano, Pedro. "Presidentes, relatores y miembros del Concilio Plenario de América Latina", in Los Ultimos Cien Años de la Evangelización en América Latina : centenario del Concilio Plenario de América Latina : simposio histórico, Ciudad del Vaticano, 21-25 de junio de 1999 : actas = Os Ultimos Cem Anos da Evangelização na América Latina : centenário do Concmlio Plenário da Amirica Latina. Edición: Pontificia Comisió para América Latina; ccordinació, Luis Ferrogiaro and Victor Manuel ochoa Cadavid. Ciudad del Vaticano : Libreria editrice vaticana, Year: 2000, pp. 733-784; Ibacache, Misael Camus. "La préparation et la convocation du concile plénier d'Amérique latine célébré à Rome en 1899, in: Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique, (1998), 66-82; Retamal Avila, Julio. Monsñor Mariano Casanova Casanova, 1886-1908 : tercer arzobispo de Santiago. Santiago : Editorial Salesiana, 1981. (Serie Arzobispo de Santiago); Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, p. 314.