Birth. August 11, 1791, Clermont, France (1). Of a middle class family. Son of François Giraud, a former military man who was justice of the peace and police commissioner, and Marie Gondau. When his mother died, he was sent together with his brothers to Riom, to his father's family.
Education. Studied at Lycée of Clermont from 1804 to 1806; at the Seminary of Clermont-Ferrand from 1807 to 1812; and at Saint-Sulpice Seminary, Paris, from October 1812 to 1815).
Priesthood. Ordained, September 23, 1815, chapel of of the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, Issy, by Étienne-Antoine de Bolougne, bishop of Troyes. In the diocese of Clermont, 1815-1830, professor of its Minor Seminary; pastor for many years; pastor of the cathedral, January 1823; vicar general. Preached Lent sermons at the Tuileries, before the King of France, 1825.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Rodez, July 5, 1830. Consecrated, November 30, 1830, episcopal chapel of Versailles, by Luigi Emmanuele Nicolo Lambruschini, C.R.S.P., titular archbishop of Berito, nuncio in France, assisted by Jacques-Marie-Antoine-Célestin Dupont, bishop of Saint-Dié, and by Pierre Cottret, titular bishop of Caristo. His episcopal motto was Pax Vobis. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Cambrai, January 24, 1842.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 11, 1847; received red hat, September 23, 1847; and title of S. Maria della Pace, October 4, 1847.
Death. April 17, 1850, Cambrai. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Notre-Dame de Grâce, Cambrai. The funeral oration was pronounced by Abbé Hippolyte Noël. The funeral eulogy was delivered at the metropolitan cathedral of Cambrai on June 19, 1850 by Reverend Father A. Lefebvre, of the Society of Jesus.
Bibliography. Berton, Charles. Dictionnaire des cardinaux, contenant des notions générales sur le cardinalat, la nomenclature complète ..., des cardinaux de tous less temps et de tous les pays ... les détails biographiques essentiels sur tous les cardinaux ... de longues études sur les cardinaux célèbre ... Paris : J.-P. Migne, 1857 ; Facsimile edition. Farnborough ; Gregg, 1969, cols. 991-1009; "Cardinali defunti", La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1876, Roma : Tipografia dei Fratelli Monaldi, 1875, p. 109; Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 317-318; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VII (1800-1846). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 129 and 328; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 9 and 50.
Webgraphy. Œuvres complètes du cardinal P. Giraud. Précédées de sa vie par M. l'abbé Capelle curé de St-Gérya Valenciennes. Cinquième édition. Augmentée d'une table analytique des matières. Portrait at Fac - simile. Lille, L. Lefort, Imprimeur, Libraire, Éditeur, M D CCC LXIII; his engraving and arms, Araldica Vaticana; Catalog of thirty eight texts,, written and published by Cardinal Giraud, Bibliothèque Nationale de France; Éloge Funèbre de Son Eminence Monsignor Pierre Giraud, Cardinal-Prêtre de la Sainte Èglise Romaine, du Titre de Sainte Marie de la Paix, Archevêque de Cambrai; prononcé dans l'Église Métropolitaine de Cambrai, le 19 juin 1850 par le R. P. A. Lefebvre, de la Compagnie de Jésus. Cambrai, Chez Fénélon Deligne er Ed. Lesne. Imp.-Lib. de Archêveché, 1850; his statue in his tomb, metropolitan cathedral of Cambrai.
(1) The French sources consider him born in Montferrand, a town that was administratively linked to Clermont since the seventeenth century, in fact, it is usually referred to as Clermont-Ferrand, but that was at some distance from the urban center of Clermont and that is why it was in fact maintained the distinction.
Birth. February 1 (1), 1792, accidentaly in Iglésias, Sardinia. His last name is also listed as Du Pont. Only child of Benoît Dupont, commissioner of Marina in Villefranche sur Mer (this French Riviera town, today French, was then the possession of Savoy, not passing to France until 1860), and Thèrése Siga. His father's family was of French origin, but they had settled in Villefranche in 1738. He was a subject of the kingdom of Sardinia and he was naturalized by a Royal Ordinance dated January 5, 1820 (2).
Education. Initial studies (Classics) at a school of Pères Doctrinaires in Italy; member of the Académie des Arcades; then, studied theology at the Seminary of Nice for four years; at the Seminary of Lyon for one year; and at the Univesrity of Turin, where he obtained a doctorate in utroque iuris, both civil and canon law. Received the subdiaconate on January 6, 1813, in Lyon; and the diaconate on July 2, 1813, also in Lyon.
Priesthood. Ordained, September 1815 (3). Personal secretary of the bishop of Nice. In the archdiocese of Sens, canon of its cathedral chapter, November 2, 1821; archdeacon and vicar general, June 4, 1822 to December 10, 1829; priest administrator of the parishes of the Assumption and of Saint-Louis d'Antin. Honorary canon of the royal chapter of Saint-Denis, Paris, 1822. Conclavist of Cardinal Anne-Louis-Henri de La Fare in the conclave of 1823.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Samosata and appointed auxiliary of Sens, May 3, 1824. Consecrated, June 29, 1824, orphanage of Enfant-Jésus, Paris, by Anna-Louis-Henri de La Fare, archbishop of Sens, assisted by Mathias de la Romagère, bishop of Saint-Brieuc, and by Jean-Baptiste Millaux, bishop of Nevers. Took the French citizenship, June 23, 1824. Transferred to the see of Saint-Dié, July 5, 1830. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Avignon, July 24, 1835. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Bourges, January 24, 1842.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 11, 1847; received red hat, September 23, 1847; and title of S. Maria del Popolo, October 4, 1847.
Death. May 26, 1859, Bourges. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Bourges.
Bibliography. Berton, Charles. Dictionnaire des cardinaux, contenant des notions générales sur le cardinalat, la nomenclature complète ..., des cardinaux de tous less temps et de tous les pays ... les détails biographiques essentiels sur tous les cardinaux ... de longues études sur les cardinaux célèbre ... Paris : J.-P. Migne, 1857 ; Facsimile edition. Farnborough ; Gregg, 1969, cols. 859-863; "Cardinali defunti", La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1876, Roma : Tipografia dei Fratelli Monaldi, 1875, p. 109; Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 279-280; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VII (1800-1846). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 100, 113, 172 and 332; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 9 and 50.
Webgraphy. Brief biography, in French, archdiocese of Bourges; his engraving and arms, Araldica Vaticana.
(1) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VII, 332; La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia
per l'anno 1876, p. 119, indicates that he was born on February 2, 1792; Berton, Dictionnaire des cardinaux, col. 859, says that he was born on February
22, 1792.
(2) This Ordinance says that his date of birth was February 1, 1792, which is followed by >Hierarchia Catholicae>, but most of the French sources, such as the
(3) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VII, 332; Berton, Dictionnaire des cardinaux, col. 860, says that he was ordained on September 24, 1814 in Nice (by mistake he refers to the ordination as episcopal consecration).
Birth. April 2, 1806, Sonnino, diocese of Terracina, Sezze e Priverno, Papal States. From a family of mercanti di campagna, recently enriched. Fourth child, third son, of Casimiro Tommaso Maria Domenico Antonelli (1769-1845) and Loreta Mancini (born 1776/1777). Among his father's protectors was Cardinal Gian Francesco Albani (1747) and the rich Pellegrini family, one of whose children, Antonio, would later be a cardinal.
Education. Studied at Collegio Romano, Rome, from 1820 to 1824 (philosophy and humanities); and at La Sapienza University, Rome, where he earned a doctorate in utroque iuris, both civil and canon law, on February 22, 1830.
Sacred orders. Received the minor orders on September 20, 1829, in Rome. Entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See and was a secular prelate, 1830. Referendary of the Supreme Tribunal of the Signature of Grace, July 15, 1830. Substitute of the congregation of prelates of the Apostolic Chamber, 1832-1833. Relator of the S.C. of Good Government, 1832-1834; dean of the relators, 1833. Second assessor of the Supreme Tribunal of the Signature of Justice, 1834. Papal delegate to the cities of Orvieto, 1835; Viterbo, July 4, 1836; and Macerata, 1839. Received the diaconate in 1840; was never ordained to the priesthood. Canon of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, 1841. Substitute of the Secretariat of State for Internal Affairs, August 13, 1841. Under treasurer (1844); pro-treasurer, 1845; and later, general treasurer (minister of Finance), April 22, 1845 until August 1847.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of June 11, 1847; received red hat and deaconry of S. Agata alla Suburra, June 14, 1847. Pro-general treasurer of the Apostolic Chamber ad beneplacitum Sanctitatis Sua, June 11, 1847. President of the College of Consultors of the State, November 2, 1847. Member of the prefecture of Public Affairs of the Church, president moderator of the Supreme Council of Public Affairs, and president of the Supreme Council of External Affairs with the States, March 10 to May 3, 1848 when he was forced out by the revolution. After the murder of Pellegrino Rossi, minister of the Interior, he advised the pope to escape to Gaeta. Prefect of the S.C. Lauretana, May 5, 1848. Charged with the conclusion of the convention with Sardinia concerning the ecclesiastical residence, October 14, 1848. Prefect of the Apostolic Palace, November 1, 1848. Pro-prefect of the Public Ecclesiastical Affairs (pro-secretary of State), December 6, 1848. After French and Austrian troops defeated the revolutionary movement in 1850, he returned with the pope to Rome. Decorated with the grand cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefan, 1850. Prefect of the Public Ecclesiastical Affairs (secretary of State), March 18, 1852 until his death. He opposed the Italian unification and tried to find support for his case in other European countries. He endeavored for the reorganization and preservation of the Papal States but was unable to prevent their loss. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria in Via Lata, retaining in commendam the deaconry of S. Agata alla Suburra, March 13, 1868. Cardinal protodeacon. After the loss of Rome in 1870, he remained at the side of Pope Pius IX as a "prisoner" in the Vatican. During his tenure as papal secretary of State, he had to deal with Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi and Camillo Cavour in Italy, with Napoléon III in France, and with Otto von Bismarck in Germany. He was also embroiled in the diplomacy of the American civil war for a brief time. He had to explain to rulers and their ministers the meaning and extent of the dogma of papal infallibility defined by Pope Pius IX in 1870 during the First Vatican Council, 1869-1870. He and Cardinal Roberto Giovanni F. Roberti were the first cardinals who traveled by train.
Death. November 6, 1876, Rome. Buried in his family's tomb, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome. There was a scandalous process after his death between his heirs and Countess Lambertini, who claimed to be his natural daughter.
Bibliography. Boutry, Philippe. Souverain et Pontife : recherches prosopographiques sur la curie romaine à l'âge de la restauration, 1814-1846. Rome : École française de Rome, 2002, p. 496-498; Coppa, Frank J. Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli and papal politics in European affairs. Albany : State University of New York Press, 1990; Falconi, Carlo. Il Cardinale Antonelli. Vita e c arriera del Richelieu italiano nella chiesa di Pio IX. Milan : Mondadori, 1983; Pirri, Pietro. "Il Cardinale Antonelli tra il mito e la storia." Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, XII (1958), 81-120; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 9-10, 54 and 55; Veuillot, Eugène. Son éminence le cardinal Antonelli. Paris : Palmi, De Soye et Bouchet, 1862. (Célébrités catholiques); Weber, Christoph. Kardinäle und Prälaten in den letzten Jahrzehnten des Kirchenstaates : Elite-Rekrutierung, Karriere-Muster u. soziale Zusammensetzung d. kurialen Führungsschicht zur Zeit Pius' IX. (1846-1878). Stuttgart : Hiersemann, 1978. (Päpste und Papsttum; Bd. 13, I-II), II, 429-431, 537, 543, 545-551, 553, 555, 559, 561, 564, 567, 573, 589-591, 594-596, 605, 608, 613-616, 618, 638, 641, 650, 673, 675, 690, 697, 700, 711, 715, 717, 719, 723, 741.
Webgraphy. His biography by F.M. Rudge, in English, The Catholic Encyclopedia; biography by Roger Aubert, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 3 (1961), Treccano; his biography by Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz, in German, Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon; his biography by Frank J. Coppa, in English, Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions; Le Cardinal Antonelli by Hyppolite Castille, in French, Auteur de La Seconde République (1848-1852) et de l'Histoire de Soixante Ans. Avec portrait et auutographe. Paris : E. Dentu, Libraire Éditeur, Palais Royale, 13, Galerie d'Orléans, 1860; his engraving by August Weger, Antiquariat Hille, Berlin; Pio IX ed il cardinale Antonelli. Milano, C. Mauri, 1859. his photograph by D'Allesandri, Rome, ca 1861-62, The Eastern Window; his engraving, Victorian and Edwardian Photographs - Roger Vaughan Photograph Collection; engravings, arms, portrait and photographs, Araldica Vaticana; Pio IX ed il cardinale Antonelli. Milano, C. Mauri, 1859. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Full view; Al sig. cardinale Giacomo Antonelli, segretario di stato della santità di Pio IX : lettera From Filippo Ugolini. Firenze : Grazzini, Giannini, 1859. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Full view; Pietro Ripari al cardinale Antonelli. Milano : F.lli Borroni, 1860. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Full view; Vita genealogica di tutta la famiglia Antonelli di Sonnino principiando dal padre dell'attuale cardinale Segretario di Stato del Papa in Roma. Per cura di F.P. De Angelis ; e dedicata all'illustre colonnello Livio Zambeccari, ispettore generale dell'Armata meridionale. Bologna : Tipografia delle Scienze, 1861. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Full view; Lettera al cardinale segretario di Stato Antonelli by Lorenzo Jacovelli. [Napoli : s.n., 1865], Hathi Trust Digital Library. Full view; I ventidue anni di governo del Cardinale Antonelli: riflessioni by Veturio Vetere. Roma : G. Civelli, 1871. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Full view; .
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