The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

Biographical Dictionary
Pope Callistus III (1455-1458)
Consistory of September 17, 1456 (I)


(1) 1. MILÀ, Lluís Joan del (ca. 1432/1433-1510)

Birth. Ca. 1432/1433, Játiva, near Valencia, Spain. Fourth of the nine children (1) of Joan de Milà y Centelles, caballero y señor of the barony of Massalavés, and Catalina (Caterina) de Borja y Martí, sister of Pope Callistus III. Cousin of Cardinal Rodrigo de Borja y Borja (1456), future Pope Alexander VI. His last name is also listed as Millán; as Milano; and as Milà i Borja. He was called the Cardinal Segorbe; the Cardinal of Albaida; or the Cardinal of Lérida.

Education. He started the ecclesiastical career when he was nine years old supported by his uncle the future pope. Frequented for some time the University of Bologna studying canon law.

Early life. At the request of his uncle, he was named canon and chantre of the chapter of the collegiate church of Játiva, August 8, 1447. Canon of the metropolitan cathedral chapter of Valencia in April 1448. Provost of Valencia. He had an illegitimate son, whom he recognized, Jaime de Milà y de Borja, count of Albaida.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Segorbe, January 29, 1453; named administrator until reaching the canonical age of 27 years; he was also named administrator of Santa María de Albarracín; he named as his vicar Juan Anadón, bishop of Doria (Sardinia), who governed with his officers Fernando Fraile and Juan Marqués. Consecrated (no information found). Named governor of Bologna on July 13, 1455; arrived on June 29 with his cousin Rodrigo de Borja y Borja.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal in secret on February 20, 1456; published in the consistory of September 17, 1456 with the title of Ss. Quattro Coronati; he was absent from Rome; entered the city on November 16, 1456 and spent the night in S. Maria del Popolo; on the following day, he received the red hat in public consistory. He left Rome for Bologna on January 7, 1457 as legate a latere; started for Rome on August 8, 1458 because of the illness of his uncle the pope; arrived in the city on August 11, after the pontiff's death. Participated in the conclave of 1458, which elected Pope Pius II. Went to Siena with the new pope, Pius II, and signed a bull on April 18, 1459. Transferred to the see of Lérida, October 7, 1459; took possession on February 23, 1461; resigned the see shortly before his death; his successor, Juan de Enguera, O.P., was named on December 9, 1510. He left Rome in June 1461 because of the heat and went to Siena. In October and November 1463, was again away from Rome because of the plague. Entered the curia in Siena on February 24, 1464; left on April 5 for Florence and Catalonia. Returned to Rome on February 10, 1467; he was absent from the city in September and October 1468; later, he returned definitively to Spain. He was absent from the conclave of conclave of 1464, which elected Pope Paul II. Did not participate in the conclave of 1471, which elected Pope Sixtus IV. On June 15, 1478, he received in commendam the Benedictine monasteries of San Vicente, diocese of Lérida, and of Saint-Benigne de Dijon, now in the diocese of Langres. Cardinal protoprete in June 1483. Did not particpate in the conclave of 1484, which elected Pope Innocent VIII. Did not participate in the conclave of 1492, where his cousin Cardinal Rodrigo de Borja y Borja was elected Pope Alexander VI. On February 1, 1493, he was given permission to make a will. Did not participate in the first conclave of 1503, which elected Pope Pius III. Did not participate in the second conclave of 1503, which elected Pope Julius II.

Death. December 9, 1510 (2), Bélgida. Buried in the chapel of Alcoleya, Bélgida; in 1511, his body was translated to the cathedral of Lérida; finally, in 1574, his remains were taken to the Dominican convent of Santa Ana, in the village of Albaida, Lérida, which he had founded, perhaps to serve as a family vault.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, III, 123-124; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 4 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. 989-990; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. VII. Les cardinaux de la fin du XVe siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1933. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1933, p. 126; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen II (1431-1503). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1914; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, pp. 12, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 62, 167 and 234; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen III (1503-1592). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1935; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, p. 212; Goñi Gaztambide, José. "Mila, Luis Juan del." Diccionario de historia eclesiástica de España. 4 vols and Supplement. Dirigido por Quintín Aldea Vaquero, Tomás Marín Martínez, José Vives Gatell. Madrid : Instituto Enrique Flórez, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1972-1975; Suplemento (1987), suppl. 489-492; Hinojosa Montalvo, José. "Milà i Borja, Lluís Joan de", in Diccionario Biográfico Español, Madrid : Real Academia de la Historia, 2012, vol. 35, p. 115; Pons Alés, Vicente. Cardenales y prelados de Xátiva en la época de los Borja, Játiva : Iglesia Colegial Basílica de Santa María-Centro de Estudios Borgianos, 2005.

Webgraphy. Biography by José Hinojosa Montalvo, in Spanish, DB~e, Diccionario Biográfico Español; Vida y empresas del Cardenal Lluís Joan del Milà. Promoción eclesiástica y mecenazgo entre Italia y la Corona de Aragón by Álvaro Fernández de Córdova Miralles, Aragón en la Edad Media, XXIV (2013), pp. 191-223; biography, in French, Wikipedia; his genealogy, A4, Libro d'Oro della Nobilità Mediterranea; his arms, Araldica Vaticana.

(1) This is according to his genealogy, linked above, which names the other siblings as Giovanni (Juan), Pietro (Pere), Auxia, Adriana, Lucrecia, Francesca (or Francina), Antonetto (or Falconetto) and Babo (died in infancy). Fernández de Córdova Miralles, Vida y empresas del Cardenal Lluís Joan del Milà, p. 193, says that he was the second son and that the other brothers were Pere and Damiata, not mentioning any other children.
(2) Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, II, 12 and 62, gives this date with a question mark. Chacón, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, II, col. 989; and Goñi , "Mila, Luis Juan del." Diccionario de historia eclesiástica de España, suppl., 489, give September 10, 1507 as the date of his death. Cristofori, Cronotassi dei cardinali de Santa Romana Chiesa, p. 153, shows him occupying his title of Ss. IV Coronati until December 22, 1508. Dictionnaire des Cardinaux, col. 1242, says that he died in 1507 at an advanced age. Paride de Grassi, Compendio biografico dei Papi e Cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa, indicates that he died on December 22, 1508; his genealogy, linked above, says that he died in Bègida in 1504; his brief biographical data in English, linked above, says that he died in 1508.

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(2) 2. PORTUGAL, Jaime de (1433-1459)

Birth. September 17, 1433 (1), Lisbon (?), Portugal. Infant of Portugal. Third of the six children of Pedro, duke of Coimbra, and Isabel de Aragón. The other siblings were Pedro (pretender to the Aragonese throne), João (duke de Coimbra), Isabella (wife King Affonso V of Portugal), Brites (wife of Adolf von Cleves-Ravenstein) and Felippa (a nun). Grandson of King João I of Portugal, founder of the House of Aviz; and brother-in-law of King Affonso V of Portugal. He was called the Cardinal of Portugal or the Cardinal of Lisbon. He is also listed as Jaime de Coimbra; as James of Coimbra; as James of Portugal, and as James of Lusitania.

Education. Educated at the court of the duke of Bourgogne; and later, at the University of Coimbra, where he studied canon and civil law.

Early life. After the battle of Alfarrobeira, fought on May 20, 1449, in which his father Duke Pedro was defeated and killed, Jaime was captured by the forces of King Afonso V of Portugal, but he managed to escape to Flanders together with his siblings João and Bries (Beatriz), where he obtained the support of their aunt Isabel of Portugal, wife of Philippe le Bon, duke of Bourgogne. Named protonotary apostolic.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Episcopate. In Flanders, he was named administrator of the see of Arras, March 23, 1453; occupied the post until April 30, 1453. With the support of his aunt, he left for Rome. Once there, Pope Nicholas V, who knew the tragedy of Alfarrobeira and the humiliation and mistreatment to which had been subjected the body of Duke Pedro, decided to reward his child naming him perpetual administrator of the metropolitan see of Lisbon on April 30, 1453; he would become the archbishop upon reaching the canonical age; he governed the archdiocese from Italy through a vicar general, Luís Anes; he occupied the post until his death.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of September 17, 1456, with the deaconry of S. Eustachio (2); he entered Rome through the gate of S. Maria del Popolo on December 1, 1456; he spent the night at the residence of that church; on the following day, December 2, he entered the general consistory with the pope and the cardinals and received the red hat. He was named knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece at the ninth chapter of the order, celebrated in 1456 at The Hague. Through the influence of his aunt Duchess Isabella, Pope Callistus III named him abbot of the monastery of Dunes, Burgundy. Named administrator of the see of Paphos, Cyprus, June 18, 1457; occupied the post until his death. For his mediation, the pope to issue the bull of crusade to his cousin King Alfonso V of Portugal in 1457 for the conquest of Alcâcer Ceguer. He left Rome in June 1458 because of the plague (3); returned to the city in August to participate in the conclave of 1458, which elected Pope Pius II. Disillusioned by the way some cardinals behaved during the conclave, he considered changing his residence to Florence. The new pope named him legate to promote a crusade against the Turks before Emperor Friedrich III, husband of Eleanor, a cousin of Cardinal Jaime. He left Rome for his legation in April 1459; he fell ill and had to stop in Siena; he left Siena toward the end of June; he arrived in Florence and took up residence in a palace of his trusted bankers. the Cambini (4); and as his death approached, he prepared his will, where he expressed his desired to be buried in the church of S. Miniato al Monte, in a chapel to be constructed to receive his remains; the executors of his will were Bishop Alvaro Alfonso of Algarve and Giovanni Alveri, the master of his household.

Death. August 27, 1459, Florence. The exequies took place in the metropolitan cathedral of Florence. The remains of the cardinal were given a temporary resting place in the Olivetan church of S. Miniato al Monte. In September 1466, the body was translated in a solemn ceremony to a marble sarcophagus made by Antonio and Bernardo Rossellino in the chapel dedicated to Santiago de Compostela, in that church in Florence (5).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, III, 124-125; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 4 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, col. 990; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. VII. Les cardinaux de la fin du XVe siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1933. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1933, p. 126-127; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen II (1431-1503). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1914; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, pp. 12, 31, 32, 66, 98, 211 and 259; Hartt, Frederick; Corti Gino ; Kennedy, Clarence. The Chapel of the Cardinal of Portugal, 1434-1459, at San Miniato in Florence. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 1964. (The Haney Foundation series of studies in English, American and foreign literature; modern history, sociology, and economics; music and art, v.1); Marchandisse, Alain, Masson, Christphe, Somme, Monique. "Jacques de Coimbre (1433-1459): un cardinal lusitano-bourgogne" in Eveques et cardinaux princiers et curiaux (XIVe-debut XVIe siecle): des acteurs du pouvoir, Turnhout (2007), 135-165.

Webgraphy. His arms, tomb, ancestry and biography, in English, Wikipedia; his arms, tomb and biography, in Portuguese, Wikipedia; his arms, tomb and biography, in Spanish, Wikipedia; brief biographical information, in Portuguese, patriarchate of Lisbon, 8th cardinal; his genealogy, A1 B3 C8 D3 E3, Genealogy EU; panels of S. Vicente de Fora, Lisbon, by Nuno Gonçalves (the cardinal appears in the third and fifth sections), António Salvador Marques; and his tomb by Antonio Rosellino, church of San Miniato al Monte, Florence, Web Gallery of Art.

(1) This is the date deducted from the text of his epitaph. Hart, The Chapel of the Cardinal of Portugal, 1434-1459, at San Miniato in Florence, p. 30; and his biography in Spanish, linked above, also say that he was born on September 13, 1433. "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. VII. Les cardinaux de la fin du XVe siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1933, p. 126, says that he was born in 1433, without mentioning day and month. His genealogy, linked above, says that he was born in August 1434.
(2) Some sources erroenously indicate that he received the deaconry of S. Maria in Portico.
(3) This is according to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. VII. Les cardinaux de la fin du XVe siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1933, p. 127. Hartt, The Chapel of the Cardinal of Portugal, p. 37, says that there is no reason to believe that this happened.
(4) According to Hartt, The Chapel of the Cardinal of Portugal, p. 39, in that same palace, forty years earlier, had died Cardinal Baldassare Cossa, Antipope John XXIII.
(5) This is the text of his epitaph taken from Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, 990:

Regia stirps IACOBVS nomen Lusitana propago,
Insignis forma, summa pudicia,
Cardineus titulus, morum nitor, optima vita
Ista fuere mihi : mors iuvenem rapuit ;
Ne se pollueret ; maluit iste mori.
VIXIT A. XXV. M. XI. D. X. OBIIT AN. SAL. MCCCCLIX

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(3) 3. BORJA Y BORJA, Rodrigo de (1430/1432-1503)

Birth. 1430/1432, Játiva, near Valencia, Spain. Son of Jofré de Borja i Escrivà and Isabel de Borja, sister of Pope Callistus III (1). Cousin of Cardinal Lluís Joan del Milà (1456). Father of Cardinal Cesare Borgia (1493). Grand-uncle of Cardinals Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romanm, el menor (1496); Pedro Luis de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, O.S.Io.Hieros. (1500); and Francisco Lloris y de Borja (1503); Great-great-grandfather of Cardinal Rodrigo Luis de Borja y de Castre-Pinós (1536). His first name is also listed as Roderic. He was called the Cardinal of S. Nicola; and later, the Cardinal vice-chancellor.

Education. Studied in Rome; later, sent to Bologna with his cousin Luis Juan del Milà to complete his studies; obtained a doctorate in law.

Early life. Received a benefice in Játiva in 1444. Sacrista or chantre of Valencia, 1445. Canon of the cathedral chapters of Valencia, Barcelona and Segorbe in 1448. Pastor of Culera, vicar of Alzira and chantre of Játiva, 1449. Named by his uncle the pope apostolic notary on May 10, 1455. Dean of Santa María de Játiva on June 3, 1455; at the same tiime, he also received other benefices in Valencia.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in secret in the consistory of February 20, 1456; with the order to the cardinals of admitting him to the conclave as had been done with Cardinal Angelo Capranica by order of Pope Martin V in 1423; published on September 17, 1456 with the deaconry of S. Nicola in Carcere; received the red hat on November 17, 1456. Named rector of the hospital S. Andrea, Vercelli, August 21, 1456. Left for Bologna on October 18, 1456; returned on November 16, 1456. Named legate a latere in Marche Anconitana in December 1456; left for his legation on January 19, 1457. Named vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church on May 1, 1457. Returned from his legation on November 26, 1457. Named generalissimo of the papal troops in Italy.

Episcopate. Administrator of the see of Gerona, 1457 to June 30, 1458. In March 1458, he worked to reconcile Pope Calixtus III and King Alfonso of Naples. Named administrator of the see of Valencia on June 30, 1458; on July 9, 1492, a month before his election to the papacy, he became its first archbishop when the see was elevated to the rank of archdiocese; he was succeeded by Cesare Borgia on August 31, 1492. He received commendam the deaconry of S. Maria in Via Lata in June 1458; he retained it until August 1492. On the same date, he also obtained the commendam of the Cistercian monastery of Valldigne, Valencia. Returned to Rome from Tivoli on July 26, 1458 to be with his uncle the pope, who was moribund and abandoned; after the death of the pope, set off again, in disguise, with his brother Pedro, on August 6, 1458; much later, he built a superb tomb for Pope Calixtus III in the chapel of S. Andrea, adjacent to St. Peter's. Participated in the conclave of 1458, which elected Pope Pius II. On January 22, 1459, he left Rome with the new Pope Pius II and went to Perugia, Siena (where he signed a papal bull dated April 18), Florence and Mantua, where the pope held the Congress of Mantua; Cardinal Borja remained in Siena until the summer of 1460; the pope reprimanded him because of his customs; he was back in Rome in December 1461. He ornated his palace, which later became the Palace of the Chancery, on the occasion of the translation of the skull of the Apostle Saint Andrew on April 12, 1462. He helped celebrate the feast of Corpus Christi in Viterbo in June 1462. At the wish of the pope, he built the episcopal palace of Pienza and placed his arms on its façade. Cardinal protodeacon, March 1463 until August 1471. He joined the pope in Terni in July 1464 and accompanied him to Ancona; the cardinal fell ill at the beginning of August, before the death of the pope. Participated in the conclave of 1464, which elected Pope Paul II; he had not yet recovered from his illness and was not able to crown the new Pope Paul II on September 16, 1464. In 1468, he was ordained a deacon. Together with Cardinal Angelo Capranica, he accompanied Emperor Friedrich III from Rome to Viterbo on January 9, 1469. He was absent from Rome between May and October 1470. Participated in the conclave of 1471, which elected Pope Sixtus IV; as cardinal protodeacon, he crowned the new pope on August 22, 1471. He opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Albano on August 30, 1471; he resigned his deaconry at the same time and received the commendam of the Benedictine abbey of Subiaco.

Priesthood. Ordained, October 30, 1471. He was now ordained a priest and consecrated a bishop. On December 23, 1471, he was named legate before the king of Spain for the crusade against the Turks. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals from January 8 to May 15, 1472, when he departed for Ostia, Catalonia and Spain; returned from his legation on October 24, 1473, without success; encountered a strong storm in the Mediterraean and lost 30,000 florins; received by the pope in public consistory on October 25. On January 14, 1475, he went to Terracina to meet King Ferdinando of Naples and accompanied him to Rome, entering the city on January 28; continued with the king to Marino until February 1. Because of the plague, followed the pope to Viterbo on June 10, 1476; then, he went to Narni; in the consistory celebrated in that city on July 24, 1476, he opted for the suburbicarian see of Porto e Santa Rufina; he went to Foligno the following August. On June 25, 1477, he was named legate to crown the new queen of Naples, wife of King Ferdinando; he left Rome on August 22 and returned on October 4, 1477. He inscribed himself in the Confraternity of the Holy Spirit on March 21, 1478. Named administrator of the see of Cartagena on July 8, 1482. Became dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals at the death of Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville on January 22, 1483. Cardinal Borja was the richest cardinal of his time, living in the greatest luxury. Named archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian basilica in 1483. Participated in the conclave of 1484, which elected Pope Innocent VIII. Elected archbishop of Sevilla shortly before August 26, 1485; he declined (recusatur) a few days after without having taken possession of the see (2). Received in commendam the see of Mallorca at the beginning on October 9, 1489; occupied the post until his election to the papacy. Abbot commendatario of Santa Maria la Real de Nájera from 1487. Went to Ostia with the new Pope Innocent VIII on November 18, 1489. Resigned the commendam of the Benedictine monastery of S. Maria di Rivopullo, diocese of Vicenza, on December 20, 1490. On July 8, 1491, he resigned the commendam of the Benedictine monastery of S. Maria di Monteagu, archdiocese of Monreale; and the one of Basilican monastery of S. Filippo Fargala, archdiocese of Messina. On August 16, 1491, he resigned the commendam of the monastery of Aggere, diocese of Urgel. Named administrator of the metropolitan see of Eger in 1491; occupied the post until his election to the papacy the following year. After the conquest of Granada by the Spanish monarchs on January 2, 1492, he held a bullfight in Rome, a spectacle that the Romans saw for the first time. Participated in the conclave of 1492 and was elected pope.

Papacy. Elected pope on August 11, 1492. Took the name Alexander VI. Crowned on August 26, 1492, in the steps of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Cardinal Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini, protodeacon of S. Eustachio, future Pope Pius III. He created forty three cardinals in ten consistories. In his personal life, he has been severely criticized (3) but as a pope, from the doctrinal point of view, he was irreproachable (4).

Death. August 18, 1503, of an apoplexy, Rome (5). Such was Pope Alexander VI's unpopularity that the priests of St. Peter's basilica refused to accept the body for burial until forced to do so by papal staff. Only four prelates attended the requiem mass. Buried in the chapel of S. Maria delle Febri, adjacent to the patriarchal Vatican basilica. On January 30, 1610, his remains, together with those of his uncle Pope Callistus III, were transferred to the church of S. Maria in Montserrato, the church of the crown of Aragón in Rome. On August 21, 1889, the remains were transferred to a modern tomb, work of Spanish sculptor Felipe Moratilla, with the medallions of both popes, in the chapel of of S. Diego, in that church (now the Spanish national church in Rome and a cardinalitial title since 2003).

Bibliography.
-Batllori, M. "Alejandro VI." Diccionario de historia eclesiástica de España. 4 vols and Supplement. Dirigido por Quintín Aldea Vaquero, Tomás Marín Martínez, José; Vives Gatell. Madrid : Instituto Enrique Flórez, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1972-1975; Suplemento (1987), I, 36-39;
-Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, III, 125-127;
-Cerri, Domenico. Borgia, ossia Alessandro VI. Papa e suoi contemporanei. 2d ed. Torino : [s.n.], 1873;
-Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 4 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1677, II, cols. 991 and 1293-1352;
-Clément, Augustin. Les Borgia; histoire du papa Alexandre VI, de César et de Lucrèce Borgia. Paris : Imprimeries-librairies de L'Oeuvre de Saint-Paul, 1882;
-Collison-Morley, Lacy. The story of the Borgias. New York : E.P. Dutton and Co., 1933;
-Compton, Raphael. Lucrezia Borgia : la figlia de Papa. [s.l.], Perodici, 1971;
-Dal Bello, Mario. La leggenda nera. I Borgia. Roma : Città Nuova Editrice, 2012. (Misteri svelati dall'Archivio Segreto Vaticano);
-De Angelis, Maria Antonietta. "Alessandro VI.Mondo vaticano. Passato e presente. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1995, p. 47-49;
-De la Bedoyere, Michael. The meddlesome friar and the wayward Pope; the story of the conflict between Savonarola and Alexander VI. Garden City, N.Y. : Hanover House, 1958;
-"Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. VII. Les cardinaux de la fin du XVe siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1933. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1933, p. 127-128;
-Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen II (1431-1503). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1914; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, pp. 12, 31, 32, 37, 38, 39, 40, 49, 59, 60, 67, 83, 159, 165, 184 and 261;
-Ferrara, Orestes. El Papa Borgia. Madrid, Ediciones "La Nave", 1943;
-Fumi, Luigi. Alessandro VI. e il Valentino in Orvieto : Notizie storiche raccolte da documenti inediti per le nozze del Cav. G. Francesco Gamurrini, patrizio aretino, colla signora Anna Giulietti di Orvieto, 16 gennaio 1877. Edizione di 150 esemplari Fuori di commercio. Siena : Tip. sordo-muti di L. Lazzeri, 1877; -Galán, Lola ; Catalán Deus, José. El papa Borgia : un inédito Alejandro VI liberado al fin de la leyenda negra. Madrid : Suma de Letras, 2005. (Punto de lectura);
-Gordon, Alexander. La vie du Pape Alexandre VI. et de son fils Cesar Borgia : contenant les guerres de Charles VIII. & Louis XII. rois de France, & les principales negociations & revolutions arrivées en Italie depuis l'année 1492, jusqu'en 1506, avec les piécies originales qui ont raport à l'ouvrage. 2 vols. Amsterdam : 1751. Translation of "The lives of Pope Alexander VI and his son Cesare Borgia". Uniform title: The lives of Pope Alexander VI and his son Cesare Borgia;
-Hibbert, Christopher. The Borgias and their enemies : 1431-1519. Orlando : Harcourt, Inc., 2008;
-Kelly, John Norman Davidson. The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1986, pp. 252-254;
-La Torre, Ferdinando. Del conclave di Alessandro VI, papa Borgia. Roma : Olschki, 1933. Other title: Del conclave di Alessandro 6, papa Borgia;
-Leonetti, Andrea. Papa Alessandro VI, secondo documenti e carteggi del tempo. 3 vols. Bologna : Mareggiani, 1880;
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-Masi, Ernesto. Studi e ritratti : Papa Borgia, Vittoria Colonna, Lodovico Castelvetro, Sisto v, Enrico Arnaud, Laura Bassi e il Voltaire, G.G. Rousseau, D. Diderot, G. du Tillot, G. de Gamerra, l'abate Lorenzo da Ponte, E. Costa di Beauregard, Cornelia Martinetti, Ferdinando Lassalle. Bologna : N. Zanichelli, 1881. Note: "Estratti dalla Rassegna settimanale di politica, scienze, lettere ed arti di Roma.";
-Masson, Georgina. The Borgias. 1st American ed. New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1981;
-Mathew, Arnold. The life and times of Rodrigo Borgia, Pope Alexander VI. London : Stanley Paul & Co., Ltd., 1911;
-Nerli, Filippo de', 1485-1556; Cesare Borgia, figlio di Papa Alessandro VI. Cesare Borgia, figlio di Papa Alessandro VI. 2 v. in 1. Italia : [s.n.], 1859. Notes: Contains citations to Savonarola. Other title: Commentarii de' fatti civili occorsi nella città di Firenze dal 1215 al 1537;
-Noel, Gerard. The Renaissance popes : statesmen, warriors, and the great Borgia myth. New York : Carrol & Graf Publishers, 2006;
-Olmos Canalda, Elías. Reivindicación de Alejandro VI (el papa Borja). 8th ed. Valencia : Semana Gráfica, 1954. Note: Premio del Centro de Cultura valenciana y de la Fundación castellonense "Cayetano Huguet." Responsibility: Pórtico del Sr. Barón de San Petrillo;
-Oro, Ignazio dell'. Papa Alessandro VI. Rodrigo Borgia. Milano : Ceschina, 1940;
-Pascual de Beltrán, Buenaventura. El gran papa español Alejandro VI en sus relaciones con los Reyes Católicos. Discursos leídos en el Centro de Cultura Valenciana en la recepción pública del director de número Don Buenaventura Pascual de Beltrán, el día 21 de diciembre de 1940. Valencia : Centre de Cultura Valenciana, 1941. (Saitabi. no. 3. Suplemento);
-Reichenberger, Kurt ; Reichenberger, Theo ; Lauer, Robert H. Portrait of Alexander VI in three British and American Works: "Cromwells complaint of injustice" (1681), Barnabe Barnes's The Devils charter (1607), and Mario Puzo's The family (2001). Kassel : Edition Reichenberger, 2003. (Estudios de literatura ; 85). Note: Attachment "Portrait of Alexander VI." Other titles: Portrait of Alexander VI in three British and American Works: "Cromwells complaint of injustice" (1681), Barnabe Barnes's The Devils charter (1607), and Mario Puzo's The family (2001);
-Reinhardt, Volker. Der unheimliche Papst : Alexander VI. Borgia ; 1431 - 1503. München : Beck, 2005;
-Romei, Danilo ; Rosini, Patrizia. Regesto dei documenti di Giulia Farnese. Raleigh, N.C. : LULU Press, 2012;
-Sanfilippo, Matteo. "Alessandro VI." Enciclopedia dei papi. 3 vols. Roma : Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 2000, III, 13-22;
-Scaltritti, Arturo. Luci ed ombre del '400 : San Francesco di Paola, Alessandro VI Papa Borgia, Fra Girolamo Savonarola. Napoli : Fiory, 1983. Other titles: San Francesco di Paola; Alessandro VI Papa Borgia; Fra Girolamo Savonarola;
-Seward, Desmond. The burning of the vanities : Savonarola and the Borgia Pope. Stroud : Sutton, 2006;
-Soranzo, Giovanni. Studî intorno a papa Alessandro VI (Borgia). Milano : Vita e pensiero, 1950. (Pubblicazioni dell'Università cattolica del Sacro Cuore, nuova ser., v. 34).

Webgraphy. Biography by Álvaro Fernández de Córdov a Miralles and Miguel Navarro Sorní, in Spanish, DB~e, Diccionario Biográfico Español; biography by James Loughlin, in English, The Catholic Encyclopedia; biography, in English, Encyclopaedia Britannica; portrait and biography, in English; portraits and biography, in Catalan; biography and statue, in front of the collegiate church, Játiva, Spain; portrait and biography, in Spanish; origins of the Borja family, in Catalan; three biographies of the pope, in English; The Death of Pope Alexander VI, 1503 by Johann Burchard, an eyewitness, in English; his genealogy, A2; another genealogy, in Catalan; his children, in Catalan; his portrait by Bernardino di Betto (Benedetto), called II Pinturicchio, Sala dei Misteri, Appartamento Borgia, The Vatican; his portrait by Cristoforo dell'Altissimo, Corridoio Vasariano, Uffizi, Florence, Italy; portrait in a missal and statue, portico of the basilica of the Seu of Játiva, Spian; his portrait, Museo de Bellas Artes, Valencia, Spian; his engraving, Bibliothek, Universiät Regensburg, Germany; Appartamento Borgia (Musei Vaticani), Cathopedia; his effigy on a relief, Castello Sant'Angelo, Rome; his effigy on a memorial coin by Gergely Jenő, Kossuth Könyvkiadó, Budapest, Hungary; his effigy on six medals, Numismatic collection of Olomouc archiepiscopate, Olomouc, Czech Republic; commemorative stamps with his portrait and arms; his arms, next to the metropolitan cathedral of Valencia; his tomb, together with Pope Callistus III, church of S. Maria in Montserrato, Rome; El cardenal Rodrigo de Borja en Valencia by José Sanchis y Sivera, Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, Tomo 84, Año 1924; Papa Borgia avvelenato per fiction by Franco Cardini, Cultura, Pelemiche, Avvenire, 2 marzo 2013; In difesa di Lucrezia Borgia by Giovanni Cerro, L'Osservatore Romano, 02 gennaio 2018; The Amazon Synod, indigenous rights and a problematic papal bull by David E. DeCosse and Anthony Mejia, La Croix International, United States, February 21, 2020; Cancel Crusade: How gossip, scandal ruined a rare Renaissance treasure, The Florida Catholic, Vatican City, February 22, 2022.

(1) They both belonged to the same family but to different branches and their relationship was distant. The paternal family was of a higher nobility than the maternal's. The relationship of the latter with Pope Callistus III placed the family in a higher level.
(2) This is according to Peter de Roo, Material for a history of the Pope Alexander VI, his relatives, and his time (5 vols. Bruges: Desclee, De Brouwer & Co., 1924), p. 245-246; and Pius Bonifatius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae (3 v. in 1. Graz : Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1957), p. 73; Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, II, 165, note 7, mentions what Gams says but does not list him among the occupants of the metropolitan see of Sevilla.
(3) According to his first genealogy, linked above he had the following natural children: Pedro Luis (ca 1467-1488); Jirolama (ca 1469-1483); Cesare Borgia (ca April 1475-March 12, 1507); Juan I de Borja (1474-June 14, 1497); Lucrezia Borgia (April 18, 1481-June 24, 1519); Isabella (1471-1547); Jofre Borgia (1481/82-1517); Laura Orsini (1492-1505/1508); Giovanni Borgia (1498-1547); and Rodrigo Borgia (1503-1527).
(4) In the political order Alexander VI tried to maintain its independence with respect to Spain and to prevent the French predominance in Italy. It displeased Fernando and Isabel of Spain that he received in Rome many Jews expelled from Spain, but he favored the monarchs with The Alejxandrian bulls and the concession of the title of "Reyes Católicos". He leaned on King Louis XII of France to aggrandize his son Cesare, but with that, he also restrained the ambitions of the kings of Spain in Italy. The victim of that oscillating policy was the kingdom of Naples. In the religious aspect, the accusations of heresy connivency with the Jews cannot be taken seriously. Its velleity with the Turks was only a tentative diplomatic action. In the Curia, he reorganized the office of the "apostolic writers" and definitively attributed to the Augustinians the post of papal sacristan. The celebration of the Jubilee Year 1500 contributed to give prestige the Roman pontificate and to help see that the deprived life of Rodrigo de Borja as cardinal and as pope were not against a sincere piety, although somewhat elementary. He renewed bula In coena Domini against heresy, promoted the ecclesiastical reforms in Europe and the propagation of the faith in America and the Far East. He approved the Order of the Minimums founded by St. Francis de Paula. In the cultural sphere, he simultaneously extended his patronage to canon lawyers and humanists such as Lascaris, Aldo Manuzio, Brandolini, Podocataro, and Pomponio Leto, among others. In his time, Il Pinturicchio decorated the Borja apartments, and Michelangelo Buonarroti sculpted the Pietà at the Vatican; Alexander cooperated in the reconstruction of the University of Rome (La Sapienza) and left remarkable works in Castel Sant'Angelo and in the patriarchal Liberian basilica (translation of the article by Batllori, "Alejandro VI.") Diccionario de historia eclesiástica de España, I, 38-39.
(5) This is according to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. VII. Les cardinaux de la fin du XVe siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1933, p. 128; and Batllori, "Alejandro VI." Diccionario de historia eclesiástica de España, I, 38; his first genealogy, linked above, says that he died poisoned.

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